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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: National Eat A Peach Day: --
Peaches are quite possibly the world's perfect fruit, they are
rich and delicious and even their flesh has an amazing texture.
Their peach-keen aroma fills the air with with a fragrance that is
enough to turn one's stomach to rumble, and there's little that
can compare to a nice cold peach tea in the summer heat. National
Eat A Peach Day reminds you that it's never a bad time to spend a
little quality time with this perfect fruit. Luscious with velvety
skin and a sweet aroma, is reminds us of warm summer days and
offers a little taste of heaven. Peaches are a favorite fruit
worldwide. The American state of Georgia is known as The Peach
State! It probably, therefore, comes as no surprise that "The
World's Largest Peach Cobbler" is made in Georgia every year.
This dessert measures 11 feet by five feet, pretty impressive,
right? There are a number of types of peaches, yet the two main
varieties are freestone and clingstone. It is more difficult to
get rid of the fresh from the pit on a clingstone variety of
peach. Did you know that China produces more than half of the
peaches in the world? The peach tree finds its origins deep in the
NW region of China in a beautiful area in the foothills. Nestled
in between the Tarim Basin and Kunlun Shan mountains this tree is
the origin of what are arguably two of the world's most delectable
fruits, the peach, and the nectarine. What few people know is that
the nectarine is actually the same species of fruit as the peach.
Ain't that just peachy! Peaches offer a number of different health
benefits, and so not only do they taste amazing, but they are
great for your wellbeing too. They are excellent in terms of
de-bloating and blood pressure control, as well as promoting brain
health. They also help with weight management, lower the risk of
cancer, protect your eyes, perk up your skin, boost your immune
system, and they are good for digestion as well. Peaches botanical
name is Prunus persica, which tells us something interesting about
its history. You see, the persica name comes from its widespread
cultivation in Persia, but as we mentioned that isn't actually
where the peach comes from. It quickly spread throughout Europe
and the Mediterranean, and eventually found its way to America in
the 16th Century by way of the Spanish Explorers. By the 19th
century cultivation had begun in the Americas, and now it can be
found and enjoyed all over the world in infinite varieties, from
white peaches to nectarines. Oh, how is it that nectarines and
peaches are the same fruit but nectarines are furless? Well now,
that's just a recessive trait in the peach tree that's been
selectively bred for by nectarine farmers. Every year nectarines
appear on peach trees as a result, and Eat A Peach Day is the
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: National Bao Day: -- A day to
savor the deliciousness of the famed Asian dumpling! Also known as
'baozi' or 'hot Asian buns", today's a day dedicated to learn
more about the bao and the culture that surrounds them. Did you
know that baos come in a variety of tastes and fillings, such as
pork, veggies, sweet custard, chocolate, Chinese sausage, and
more? The bao or 'baozi' is a kind of dumpling that originated in
China. It is safe to say that baozi evolved from the word
'mantou,' which was used as an all-inclusive expression for buns.
The beginnings of 'mantou' are largely tied to the military leader
Zhuge Liang, who is believed to have invented the buns. Bao later
came to become the word used for filled buns, while 'mantou'
remained the word for unfilled buns. Bao takes root in Asia first,
then spreads to other regions of the globe. Since 2003, when Wow
Boa established their first restaurant in Chicago, baozi has grown
in prominence in the United States. Since then, bao has captivated
a large number of people. It has a wide range of filling options,
making it appealing to a wide range of people. Wow Bao has over
200 locations across the United States. They provide both physical
and virtual services, allowing them to reach a wider audience. Wow
Bao, by the way, was the one who started National Bao Day. People
have turned to the holiday as a reason to satisfy their appetites
for the delectable bao. The rich Chinese tradition behind the
popular dumpling is celebrated on National Bao Day. We test out
the many different fillings available with a sense of excitement
and discovery. Even if we only ate different bao tastes and
fillings, it's unlikely that we'd never become bored. Even
vegetarians who prefer not to consume meat can enjoy the variety
of fillings. Similarly, when it comes to bao, you have a plethora
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: Never Bean Better Day: --
Named in honor of the black retriever celebrity therapy dog Bean,
today gives us the perfect opportunity to enjoy and spread some
Bean 'wuv' with our canine companions and others. Therapy dogs are
as old as World War II, when they were used to boost the spirit of
recovering soldiers with P.T.S.D.. They ease mental and emotional
disorders too - the simple act of petting or even being around a
pet can reduce mental and emotional disorders such as anxiety,
depression, stress, and even lower our blood pressure and heart
rate. They can help kids with learning disabilities, who can often
feel self-conscious when learning to read aloud, because reading
to a dog can give them an avenue to do so without fear of being
judged for their mistakes. For all these reasons and more, take
this opportunity to enjoy and spread some Bean 'wuv' with our
canine companions and others. By loving us unconditionally to
being our listening ears and cuddle buddies, our furry friends
have always upheld their reputable position as man's best friend,
and are ever ready to be our life-long companions. Registered
therapy dogs like Bean, share their 'wuv' at hospitals, schools,
reading programs, behavioral therapy group sessions, domestic
violence, and homeless shelters, long-term care and Alzheimer's
units, and anyone else who is in need of an emotional facelift.
Dogs have rapidly grown to be essential members of the household
and community at large. We love them for their companionship,
never-ending love, not to mention they make the best cuddle
buddies and look incredibly adorable while at it. Alongside
companionship, dogs are useful for so many other essential parts
of human livelihood. Our canine friends can be trained as guard
dogs, hunting dogs, police dogs, guide dogs for the blind, and
even therapy dogs as well. However, today we are particularly
emphasizing one of the functional attributes of dogs - their
therapeutic quality. Bean is a celebrity canine, who is best known
for his canine chatter and 'woo woo,' and has made several
appearances on shows, fundraisers, and even quoted in "The
Wall Street Journal." Bean grew up to be a registered therapy
dog in a loving Golden Retriever home and was named Neversink's
Never Bean Better at birth. Since then, he has been spreading his
'wuv' at hospitals, rehab centers, long-term care facilities, and
schools across the U.S. since 2011. He is one of the casts of the
infamous Facebook page, "Never Bean Better" alongside
his canine and human brothers and sisters, where they constantly
spread the Bean 'wuv' worldwide. Bean's cartoon character that has
appeared throughout the Facebook page, and in the form of coloring
pages shared with sick children and patients of memory care units,
was the muse for the Never Bean Better toy dog. August 22 is a
special day set aside to appreciate the renowned therapy dog, and
the unconditional love of all our canine friends. This is the
perfect day to reciprocate and share the 'wuv' of our best canine
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: National Take Your Cat To The
Vet Day: -- Reminds us how much we love our friendly, furry, kitty
companions. In fact, we love them even if they're not that furry -
or friendly, for that matter! We're responsible for their health
and wellbeing (they can't very well make an appointment to see the
vet on their own). For those folks who might be struggling to
decide what to do towards the end of August, it may be a big
relief to know that one special day is National Take Your Cat to
the Vet Day (except for people who don't have a cat, that is).
While humans are used to visiting the dentist, doctor and optician
regularly for health assessments, many cat owners forget to take
their pet felines to the vet for check-ups and instead only when a
medical problem arises. But prevention is, of course, very
important. Those who choose not to take their cat to the vet on a
regular basis may find that they have costly bills which might
otherwise have been avoided if routine checks, worming,
inoculations and blood screening were carried out. In other words,
the best way for people to celebrate National Take Your Cat to the
Vet Day is by doing just what the day says. Helping a feline
friend to stay supple and healthy by identifying any medical
problems long before they require extensive and expensive
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: National Tooth Fairy Day: --
Today we celebrate the excitement and wonder of kids losing their
teeth! National Tooth Fairy Day is a reminder for kids, young and
old, to relive the fun of visits from the Tooth Fairy when a newly
lost tooth was exchanged for a fun surprise as they looked under
their pillow in the morning! The Tooth Fairy Collection, which
includes the book "A Visit From The Tooth Fairy", helps
celebrate the passage of youth with a gift set that encapsulates
this childhood tradition and creates a sense of anticipation every
time a child loses a tooth. The Collection includes three
beautiful elements to make the experience even more exciting and
memorable: an enchanting story Book, a special Pouch that holds
the tooth while they wait for a visit from The Tooth Fairy, and an
opulent Vault used to store their teeth. The Collection is the
perfect way to create an exciting experience for a child during
these special times. The Tooth Fairy is committed to helping every
child and as part of their mission, for every Tooth Fairy
Collection purchased, up to seven toothbrushes will be donated to
America's Tooth Fairy. We love The Tooth Fairy Collection because
it speaks to the wonder and innocence of childhood and reminds us
to cherish the memories we make with our children as they grow. On
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: Be An Angel Day: -- Pushes us
to become someone's angel of sorts. Whether it is a grand gesture
(sponsoring someone's education) or small (saying 'thank you' when
someone helps you), a good gesture goes a long way towards sending
goodwill out into the world. By supporting someone in need (or
recalling someone who supported you), you celebrate the very
essence of this day. Angelic-type beings have always been
recognized and immortalized, some say since the dawn of
civilization. Many religions believe angels are supernatural
beings acting as protectors and messengers, among other roles. The
word 'angel' comes from the Latin term 'angelus,' meaning
'messenger of God.' These beings have taken on many forms in
legends of the past, appearing as human-like beings, monsters, and
even wheels of fire. Angels began to be immortalized in art,
sculpture, literature, and scripture, and by the 4th century,
their wings also made an appearance. European artists were the
first to create paintings of such beings, and by the 12th century,
this version of angels became wildly popular. However,
archaeologists have found altars that were dedicated to winged
individuals believed to be angels from before this time. Famous
creators like Michelangelo, Bernini, and Shakespeare prominently
featured angels in their work. When British and French troops were
wounded on battlefields while fighting the Germans during World
War I, both sides gave accounts of seeing angels. The French
soldiers reported seeing Michael the Archangel, while the British
thought it was Saint George. Both deities are believed to be the
same by segments of the population. This mysterious angel was
later named Angel of Mons, after the place where both armies
reported the appearance. In the modern world, angels are not
restricted to spirituality alone; their presence is felt
everywhere. Reverend Jayne Howard Feldman also feels the presence
of angels. After all, her website claims that angels inspired her
to create this day. She started this day almost 27 years ago to
encourage people to commit small acts of kindness, and over the
years, the popularity of this day has grown in leaps and bounds.
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: The International Day
Commemorating The Victims Of Acts Of Violence Based On Religion Or
Belief: -- On this day, the international community honors the
survivors and victims of religious-based violence. Despite living
in the 21st century, there are parts of the world where people
still have no freedom to practice their religious beliefs. From
insidious groups to state governments, everyone uses religion to
stoke fear of the 'other.' People from different faiths are
routinely labeled security threats. Religion becomes an excuse to
justify misogyny, homophobia, and racism - extending to official
policies and laws. Religious stigmatization is often the root
cause of discrimination in every sphere of life. Today, the world
commits to protecting an individual's right to freedom of
religion. We have too many historical precedents of
religious-based violence, and history cannot repeat itself. The
world has never been as polarized as it is today. While the
freedom to practice religious belief is a fundamental right, we
continue seeing violent acts of intolerance. Attacks on minority
communities have increased in number and intensity. The violation
of human rights seems disturbingly commonplace, to the extent that
most people are now impervious or numb to the horrors. In 2019,
the U.N. General Assembly instituted an International Day
Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or
Belief. The day reinforces the international community's
commitment to justice for survivors of genocide and other
atrocities based on religion or ethnicity. The day seeks to hold
people accountable for their crimes. Protecting religious rights
is the duty of the state and every individual. Freedom isn't an
exclusive concept, after all. Until each person can exercise their
rights freely - nations cannot call themselves "free."
The day reminds governments of the need to build robust systems
for people to seek justice. Rehabilitation for victims of
religious violence is crucial to facilitate support and healing.
Of course, systems are meaningless without societal support. From
nonprofits and religious leaders to activists - each person must
play a role. The power of community can defeat senseless hatred
based on religious beliefs. Today is an act of remembrance and
action. The international community remembers people who have died
just because they lived different lives. We honor their bravery.
We also celebrate those who work tirelessly to advocate for the
freedom of individuals to practice their culture and religion. On
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: National Humiliation Day
(Koea): -- August 22, 1910: Korea: The History Of Korea: The
Korean Empire (The Empire Of Korea, Imperial Korea): Korea Under
Japanese Rule (Chosen [Korean: Joseon]): The Japan-Korea Treaty Of
1910 (The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty): -- Fifteen years after
the October 8, 1895 Eulmi Incident, when Queen Min of Joseon, the
last empress of Korea, was assassinated and her corpse burnt by
Japanese infiltrators inside Gyeongbok Palace in retaliation for
her resistance to Japanese expansion, Korea is annexed by Japan
with the signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, officially
known as the The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910, beginning a period of
Japanese rule of Korea that lasted until the end of World War II.
It was made by representatives of the Empire Of Japan and the
Korean Empire, wherein Japan formally annexed Korea following the
Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905, by which Korea became a protectorate
of Japan, and Japan-Korea Treaty of 1907, by which Korea was
deprived of the administration of internal affairs. The treaty
went into effect on August 29, 1910, and was publicly proclaimed
to the public on that date, marking the official start of Japanese
Rule In Korea. The treaty had eight articles, the first being:
"His Majesty the Emperor of Korea makes the complete and
permanent cession to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan of all
rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea". Gojong, the
last king of Joseon (the Korean dynastic kingdom of last five
centuries as a kingdom) and, as Emperor Gwangmu, the first Emperor
of Korea, later called the treaty a "neugyak" ("costly
medicine"). The alternative term used in lieu of joyak
("counterpart treaty") implies the treaty was coerced to
Koreans by Japanese. Gyeongsul Gukchi (National Humiliation Of The
Year Of Gyeongsul)" and Gukchi-il (National Humiliation Day)"
are alternative terms for the year and date the treaty was signed,
respectively. Japanese commentators of the time greatly
mispredicted that Koreans would easily assimilate into the
Japanese Empire; in fact, it bred profound anti-Japanese sentiment
throughout Korea, and its repercussions would ultimately result in
the evolution of competing forms of Korean nationlism responsible
for the outbreak of the Korean War of 1950-1953, and of the Korean
Conflict, a state of cold war which continues to this day, over a
century later. The United Kingdom had already acquiesced to the
annexation of Korea by Japan, via the British connection to
Imperial Japan via the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902; and the
United States had also sanctioned the annexation, as per the
Taft-Katsura Agreement. The legality of the treaty was later
disputed by the exiled Provisional Government of the Republic of
Korea, as well as the South Korean government. While the treaty
was affixed with the national seal of the Korean Empire, Emperor
Sunjong of Korea refused to sign the treaty as required under
Korean law. The treaty was instead signed by Prime Minister Ye
Wanyong of the Korean Empire, and Resident General Count Terauchi
Masatake of the Empire Of Japan. This issue caused considerable
difficulty in negotiating the establishment of basic diplomatic
relations between the countries. Korea insisted on including a
chapter stipulating, "The treaty was null and void",
although Japanese government did not confirm the illegality.
Japanese government insisted the treaty was null and void in 1965.
A compromise was reached in language of Article II of the 1965
Treaty on Basic Relations: "It is confirmed that all treaties
or agreements concluded between the Empire Of Japan and the Empire
of Korea on or before August 22, 1910, are already null and void."
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22: Russia National Flag Day: --
Today marks the anniversary of a modern, independent Russia after
the failed The 1991 Soviet Coup by hardliners and the
disintegration of the Soviet Union. What does the national flag
have to do with this watershed moment in history? It turns out,
everything! It's a no-brainer that national flags symbolize the
essence of a nation. But you know the story will be doubly
intriguing when it involves Russia and how the national flag came
to be. Those innocuous white, blue, and red stripes are symbols of
the country's evolution through history. Russia goes all out every
year and celebrates the day with lectures, concerts, exhibitions,
and state events. When Peter I ascended the throne, the Russian
flag became the carrier of his ambitions to turn Russia into a
modern state. One of his dreams was to build a powerful Russian
navy. So, the monarch traveled to the Netherlands, where he
learned state-of-the-art shipbuilding. In the 17th century, he
chose a flag for Russian merchant ships that resembled the Dutch
tricolor - red, white, and blue. The Russian flag's stripes
arrangement was white, blue, and red. Fast forward to the Soviet
era, and the Russian flag looked remarkably different. The new
color represented ideologies based on the Red Banner or the
people's uprising. The official state flag had a sickle, gold
hammer, and a red star. Discontent grew as cracks began to appear
in the armor of the Soviet Union. While the government exercised
strict control, it lacked a cohesive vision for the people. In
1985, Mikhail Gorbachev rose to power. He implemented a
comprehensive economic reform plan to rescue the Soviet Union's
economy. Gorbachev's efforts did not go down well with communist
party headliners, who once enjoyed absolute influence and power.
In 1991, the group forcibly seized control of the country from
Gorbachev and held him captive. They went so far as to declare
Gorbachev "indisposed" and, therefore, unfit to govern.
It was a fatal miscalculation. Following the announcement,
protests erupted in the Soviet Union, uniting the nation like
never before. Even the armed soldiers deployed to crush the
rebellion refused to kill fellow citizens. The coup had failed,
resulting in the sure disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Gorbachev returned to Moscow but resigned that same year, leaving
Boris Yeltsin as the President of a new Russia. Yeltsin restored
the Russian tricolor to its former glory by introducing Flag Day.
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1991: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1985-1991) (The End Of The
Cold War): The Dissolution Of The Soviet Union: The Revolutions Of
1989 (The Fall Of Nations, The Autumn Of Nations, The Fall Of
Communism): The Eastern Bloc (The Communist Bloc, The Socialist
Bloc, The Soviet Bloc): Russia: The History Of Russia: The 1991
Soviet Coup D'Etat Attempt (Russian: Popytka Sovetskogo
Gosudarstvennogo Perevorota 1991 Goda) (The 1991 Soviet Coup
[Russian: Sovetskiy Perevorot 1991 Goda], The August Coup
[Avgustovskiy Perevorot], The Kremlin Coup [Kremlevskiy
Perevorot]): -- Gorbachev, along with the delegation from the
State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP) who led the
coup, flew to Moscow, where GKChP leaders Kryuchkov, Yazov, and
Tizyakov were arrested upon arrival in the early hours of August
22. GKChP member Boris Pugo committed suicide along with his wife
later day, although sources from the time were uncertain as to
whether she killed herself or was killed by her husband. GKChP
members Pavlov, Vasily Starodubtsev, Baklanov, Boldin, and Shenin
would be in custody within the next 48 hours. Since several heads
of the regional executive committees supported the GKChP, on
August 21 the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted Decision
No. 1626-1, which authorized Russian President Boris Yeltsin to
appoint heads of regional administrations, although the Russian
constitution did not empower the president with such authority. It
passed another decision on August 22 which declared the old
imperial colors as Russia's national flag. It eventually replaced
the Russian SFSR flag two months later. The 1991 Soviet Coup
D'Etat Attempt occured between August 19 and August 22, 1991. On
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22 (or July 23 or September 10),
480 BC: Greece: Ancient Greece: Ancient Greek Wars: The
Greco-Persian Wars (The Persian Wars): The Second Persian Invasion
Of Greece: The Battle Of Thermopylae: -- The Battle Of Thermopylae
(480 BC; July 21-23 , August 20-22 or September 8-10), cited by
ancient and modern writers alike as a flagship example of the
power of an army defending its native soil, one of the most
prominent battles of both The Second Persian Invasion Of Greece
and the wider Greco-Persian Wars, fought between the Achaemenid
Persian Empire under Xerxes and an alliance of Greek city-states
led by Sparta under Leonidas I, ends after three days with a
historic Persian victory and a gloried last stand at the pass of
Thermopylae by the legendary "300 Spartans"; while The
Battle Of Thermopylae almost certainly took place in late August
or early September 480 BC, the strongest scholarly consensus
points to around August 20-22, 480 BC. The engagement occurred
simultaneously with the naval Battle of Artemisium: between July
and September during 480 BC. The second Persian invasion under
Xerxes was a delayed response to the failure of the first Persian
invasion, which had been initiated by Darius I and ended in 490 BC
by an Athenian-led Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon. By 480
BC, a decade after the Persian defeat at Marathon, Xerxes had
amassed a massive land and naval force, and subsequently set out
to conquer all of Greece. In response, the Athenian politician and
general Themistocles proposed that the allied Greeks block the
advance of the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae while
simultaneously blocking the Persian navy at the Straits of
Artemisium. Around the start of the invasion, a Greek force of
approximately 7,000 men - including an estimated 300 Spartans -
led by Leonidas marched north to block the pass of Thermopylae.
Ancient authors vastly inflated the size of the Persian army, with
estimates in the millions, but modern scholars estimate it at
between 120,000 and 300,000 soldiers. They arrived at Thermopylae
by late August or early September; the outnumbered Greeks held
them off for seven days (including three of direct battle) before
their rear-guard was annihilated in one of the most famous last
stands in history. During two full days of battle, the Greeks
blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could
traverse the narrow pass. After the second day, a local resident
named Ephialtes revealed to the Persians the existence of a path
leading behind the Greek lines. Subsequently, Leonidas, aware that
his force was being outflanked by the Persians, dismissed the bulk
of the Greek army and remained to guard their retreat along with
300 Spartans and 700 Thespians. It has been reported that others
also remained, including up to 900 helots and 400 Thebans. With
the exception of the Thebans, most of whom reportedly surrendered,
the Greeks fought the Persians to the death. Themistocles was in
command of the Greek naval force at Artemisium when he received
news that the Persians had taken the pass at Thermopylae. Since
the Greek defensive strategy had required both Thermopylae and
Artemisium to be held, the decision was made to withdraw to the
island of Salamis. The Persians overran Boeotia and then captured
the evacuated city of Athens. The Greek fleet-seeking a decisive
victory over the Persian armada-attacked and defeated the invading
force at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC. Wary of being
trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia,
reportedly losing many of his troops to starvation and disease
while also leaving behind the Persian military commander Mardonius
to continue the Achaemenid Empire's Greek campaign. However, the
following year saw a Greek army decisively defeat Mardonius and
his troops at the Battle of Plataea, ending the second Persian
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1642: The European Wars Of
Religion: The Wars Of The Three Kingdoms (The British Civil Wars):
The English Civil War: The First English Civil War: -- King
Charles I raises his standard in Nottingham, which marks the
beginning of the English Civil War. The First English Civil War
(1642-1646) began the series of three wars known as the English
Civil War (or "Wars"). "The English Civil War"
was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that
took place between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and
Royalists ("Cavaliers") from 1642 until 1651,
principally over the manner of England's governance. It includes
the Second English Civil War (1648-1649) and the Third English
Civil War (1649-1651). The wars in England were part of the Wars
Of The Three Kingdoms, an intertwined series of conflicts that
took place in the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland
between 1639 and 1651, with which the English Civil Wars were
being fought contemporaneously. The first (1642-1646) and second
(1648-1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against
the supporters of the Long Parliament, an English Parliament which
lasted from 1640 until 1660, while the third (1649-1651) saw
fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of
the Rump Parliament, the English Parliament after Colonel Thomas
Pride purged the Long Parliament, on 6 December 1648, of those
members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I
for high treason. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory
at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The overall
outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of
Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the
replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth
of England (1649-1653) and then the Protectorate under the
personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658) and subsequently his
son Richard (1658-1659). In England, the monopoly of the Church of
England on Christian worship was ended, whilst in Ireland the
victors consolidated the established Protestant Ascendancy.
Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an
English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent,
although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was
only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in
1688. By the time the King raised his standard at Nottingham on 22
August 1642, fighting had already started on a small scale in many
districts; each side endeavouring to secure, or to deny to the
enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and
money. Peace negotiations went on at the same time as these minor
events until Parliament issued an aggressive ultimatum. That
ultimatum fixed the war-like purpose of the still vacillating
court at Nottingham, and in the country at large, to convert many
thousands of waverers to active Royalism. Soon, Charles increased
his army from fewer than 1,500 men to almost equal the
Parliament's army, though greatly lacking in arms and equipment.
The Parliament army had about 20,000 men, plus detachments. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Monarchy In The UK: British Royal History DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1485: The English Monarchy
(The Monarchy Of The Kingdom Of England): The Civil Wars (The
English Civil Wars): The Wars Of The Roses: The Battle Of Bosworth
Field (The Battle Of Bosworth): -- Richard III is defeated and
killed, making him the last English king to die in battle and
simultaneously bringing about the end of The House Of Plantagenet,
The House Of York, and The Middle Ages in England, making it a
quadruply defining moment in both English and Welsh history. He is
the subject of the renowned historical play Richard III by William
Shakespeare. The Battle Of Bosworth Field (or Battle Of Bosworth)
was the last significant battle of the Wars Of The Roses, the
civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York that extended
across England in the latter half of the 15th century. The battle
was won by the Lancastrians. led by Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond,
and by his victory became the first English monarch of the Tudor
dynasty. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Shakespeare Mystery Edward de Vere William Shakespeare DVD MP4
USB
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1485: #DOTD: #RIP: Richard
Plantagenet, King Richard III of England from 1483 until his
death, King Of England and Lord Of Ireland (b. October 2, 1452)
#dies in The Battle Of Bosworth Field, simultaneously bringing
about the end of The House Of Plantagenet, The House Of York, and
The Middle Ages in England, making it a triply defining moment in
both English and Welsh history. He is the subject of the renowned
historical play Richard III by William Shakespeare. The Battle Of
Bosworth Field (or Battle Of Bosworth) was the last significant
battle of the Wars Of The Roses, the civil war between the Houses
of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter
half of the 15th century. The battle was won by the Lancastrians.
led by Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and by his victory became
the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Richard III was
born Richard Plantagenet at Fotheringhay Castle in
Northamptonshire, the eleventh of the twelve children of Richard,
3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville, and the youngest to survive
infancy. Richard III was the last king of the House Of York and
the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at The
Battle Of Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars Of
The Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the
protagonist of Richard III, one of William Shakespeare's
history/tragedy plays. Richard was created Duke of Gloucester in
1461 after the accession of his brother King Edward IV. In 1472,
he married Anne Neville, daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of
Warwick. He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and
played a role in the invasion of Scotland in 1482. When Edward IV
died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm
for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V.
Arrangements were made for Edward V's coronation on 22 June 1483.
Before the king could be crowned, the marriage of his parents was
declared bigamous and therefore invalid. Now officially
illegitimate, their children were barred from inheriting the
throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a
declaration to this effect, and proclaimed Richard as the rightful
king. He was crowned on July 6, 1483. Edward and his younger
brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, called the "Princes
in the Tower", were not seen in public after August, and
accusations circulated that they had been murdered on King
Richard's orders, under the Tudor rule a few years later. There
were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. In
October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of
Edward IV and Richard's former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of
Buckingham. Then, in August 1485, Henry Tudor and his uncle,
Jasper Tudor, landed in southern Wales with a contingent of French
troops, and marched through Pembrokeshire, recruiting soldiers.
Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the Leicestershire
town of Market Bosworth. Richard was slain, the last English king
to die in battle, and Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as
Henry VII. Historians consider Bosworth Field to be a defining
moment of English and Welsh history. Richard's corpse was taken to
the nearby town of Leicester and buried without ceremony. His
original tomb monument is believed to have been removed during the
English Reformation, and his remains were wrongly thought to have
been thrown into the River Soar. In 2012, an archaeological
excavation was commissioned by the Richard III Society on the site
previously occupied by Grey Friars Priory. The University of
Leicester identified the skeleton found in the excavation as that
of Richard III as a result of radiocarbon dating, comparison with
contemporary reports of his appearance, identification of trauma
sustained at The Battle Of Bosworth and comparison of his
mitochondrial DNA with that of two matrilineal descendants of his
sister Anne. He was reburied in Leicester Cathedral on March 26,
2015. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Longest Hatred: Antisemitism & Jewish Persecution DVD,
MP4, USB
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1654: Freedom Of Religion
(Religious Liberty): The Jewish Diaspora: History Of The Jews In
The United States: History Of The Jews In Colonial America: The
Jewish Arrival In New Amsterdam: History Of The Jews In New York:
Jews In New York City: -- Jacob Barsimson arrives in New
Amsterdam. He was one of the earliest Jewish settlers at New
Amsterdam (New York City), and the earliest identified Jewish
settler within the present limits of the state of New York and the
first known Jewish immigrant to America. Barsimson had been sent
out by the Jewish leaders of Amsterdam, Dutch Republic to
determine the possibilities of an extensive Jewish immigration to
New Amsterdam. With the fall of Dutch Brazil, it was imperative
for Jews planning to leave Europe to find other new homes. He
arrived at that port on the ship Pear Tree on August 22, 1654,
having left the Netherlands on July 8. Barsimson was succeeded by
a party of 23 Jews, who arrived at New Amsterdam in September,
from Recife, Brazil, and established the first Jewish settlement
in what would become the United States. In 1658, Barsimson
succeeded in securing from the Dutch municipal court in New
Amsterdam a ruling which is surprising even in the light of
latter-day principles of religious liberty. He was summoned to
court as defendant on a Saturday, but the court decided, in the
terse language of the record that "though defendant is
absent, yet no default is entered against him, as he was summoned
on his Sabbath." Three years earlier, Barsimson and another
early Jewish settler, Asser Levy (died 1680), joined in a petition
to the governor and council of New Netherland to be permitted to
stand guard like the other burghers, or to be relieved from the
special tax imposed upon their nation in lieu thereof by
resolution of governor and council, but their request was curtly
refused with the remark that they might go elsewhere if they
liked. Instead of following the latter advice, Barsimson and other
early American Jews succeeded before long in obtaining
instructions to Governor Peter Stuyvesant from his superiors, the
Dutch West India Company of Holland, condemning such unjustified
and illiberal discriminations. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The French Revolution Series + Irish Rebellion & You Are There
MP4 DVD
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1798: The Age Of Enlightenment
(The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The
Atlantic Revolutions: The French Revolution: The French
Revolutionary And Napoleonic Wars (The Great French War) (The
French Revolutionary Wars, The Napoleonic Wars): The Napoleonic
Wars: The Irish Rebellion Of 1798 (Irish: Eiri Amach 1798) (The
United Irishmen Rebellion [Irish: Eiri Amach Na nEireannach
Aontaithe], Ulster-Scots: The Hurries): The Irish Republic Of 1798
(The Republic Of Connacht): -- The Irish Republic Of 1798 is
declared when a force of 1,000 French soldiers under French
General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert landed at Killala in County
Mayo. The Irish Republic Of 1798 was a short lived puppet state
that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars. In theory the
republic was to cover the whole island of Ireland, but its
functional control was limited to only very small parts of the
Province of Connacht. The opposing Irish Royal Army was deployed
across most of the country including the main towns such as
Dublin, Belfast and Cork. General Humbert declared the Irish
Republic in his declaration to the people upon landing in Ireland
on 22 August 1798: "LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, UNION,
After several unsuccessful attempts, behold at last Frenchmen
arrived amongst you... Union, Liberty, the Irish Republic! Such is
our shout. Let us march. Our hearts are devoted to you; our glory
is in your happiness." After the nascent Republic's victory
at the Battle Of Castlebar which took place on August 27, 1798,
General Humbert on August 31, 1798, issued a decree, which among
other things appointed John Moore as the President of the
Government of the Province of Connacht. On 8 September 1798, just
weeks after its proclamation, the progress of the new Republic was
ended at the Battle of Ballinamuck. President Moore was captured
by the British in Castlebar under Lieut.-Col. Crawford. He died
while in custody the following year. General Humbert and his men
were taken by canal to Dublin and repatriated. The British army
then slowly spread out into the rebel held Province of Connacht in
a brutal campaign of killing and house burning which reached its
climax on September 23m 1798 when Killala was stormed and retaken
with much slaughter. Members of the Irish Republic such as George
Blake were hunted down and hanged with many other suspected
insurgents including Fr. Andrew Conroy who led French and Irish
forces to Castlebar through the Windy Gap, a passage through the
Mountains. The Irish Rebellion Of 1798 (Irish: Eiri Amach 1798),
also known as the United Irishmen Rebellion (Irish: Eiri Amach na
nEireannach Aontaithe), was an uprising against British rule in
Ireland lasting from May to September 1798. The Society Of United
Irishmen, a republican revolutionary group influenced by the ideas
of the American and French revolutions, were the main organising
force behind the rebellion. The outbreak of war between Great
Britain and France in 1793, following both the succesful American
Revolutionary War and the execution of the French King Louis XVI,
forced the Society underground and toward armed insurrection, with
French aid. To augment their growing strength, the United Irish
leadership decided to seek military help from the French
revolutionary government and to postpone the rising until French
troops landed in Ireland. Theobald Wolfe Tone, leader of the
United Irishmen, travelled in exile from the United States to
France to press the case for intervention. The intimate nature of
the conflict meant that the rebellion at times took on the worst
characteristics of a civil war, especially in Leinster. Sectarian
resentment was fuelled by the remaining Penal Laws still in force.
Rumours of planned massacres by both sides were common in the days
before the rising and led to a widespread climate of fear.
Contemporary estimates put the death toll from 20,000 to as many
as 50,000 of which 2,000 were military and 1,000 loyalist
civilians. A significant number of modern historians argue that
these numbers are too high or too low. In support of some modern
research argues that these figures may be too high, a list of
British soldiers killed, compiled for a fund to aid the families
of dead soldiers, listed just 530 names; also, professor Louis
Cullen, through an examination of depletion of the population in
County Wexford between 1798 and 1820, put the fatalities in that
county due to the rebellion at 6,000. Historian Thomas Bartlett
therefore argues, "a death toll of 10,000 for the entire
island would seem to be in order". In support of the belief
that the death toll may be even higher than contemporary estimates
suggest as the widespread fear of repression among relatives of
slain rebels led to mass concealment of casualties. The popular
Irish ballad The Rising of the Moon recounts the loss of the
United Irishmen. Written as early as the 1860s, the song has been
since performed by many musicians, including The Dubliners. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Lighter Than Air: Airships & Inflatable Planes DVD, MP4, USB
Drive
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1849: The Age Of Enlightenment
(The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The
Revolutions Of 1848 (The Springtime Of The Peoples, The Springtime
Of Nations): The Revolutions Of 1848 In The Italian States: The
War Of Italian Independence (The Italian Wars Of Independence):
The Unification Of Italy (Italian: Risorgimento): The First
Italian War Of Independence: Aviation Firsts: Aviation: The
History Of Aviation: The History Of Military Aviation: Lighter
Than Air Aviation (Lighter-Than-Air-Aviation): The History Of
Ballooning: -- The first air raid in history occurs as Austria
launches pilotless balloons against the city of Venice. The attack
caused little damage, but Venice surrendered two days later. The
Republic of Venice had been independent for more than 1,000 years
before it was conquered in 1797 by Napoleon, who ceded it to
Austria later that year. In 1848, a year during which revolutions
swept through Europe, Daniele Manin led a revolt against Austrian
rule, declaring Venice to once again be a republic. The Austrians
retaliated by blockading Venice, causing starvation, disease and
hunger. Although Austrian Field Marshall von Radetsky besieged the
city by land and sea, his artillery couldn't get near enough to
bear fire on the whole city. To solve the proximity problem, a
young Austrian artillery lieutenant named Franz von Uchatius
hatched the idea of launching balloons carrying explosives over
Venice. The first attempt, carried out on July 12, 1849, was a
failure because the wind was not in Austria's favor. The balloons
appeared to rise to about 4,500 ft. Then they exploded in midair
or fell into the water, or, blown by a sudden southeast wind, sped
over the city and dropped on the besiegers. Venetians, abandoning
their homes, crowded into the streets and squares to enjoy the
strange spectacle. _ When a cloud of smoke appeared in the air to
make an explosion, all clapped and shouted. Applause was greatest
when the balloons blew over the Austrian forces and exploded, and
in such cases the Venetians added cries of 'Bravo!' and 'Good
appetite!'" The second attempt, on Aug. 22, was a success.
The balloons, measuring 5.7 meters in diameter and using "charcoal
and greasy cotton as a continuous combustion source," were
released from a "stable platform at sea," according to
the documentary. According to Monash University professor Russell
Naughton, about 200 of balloons, carrying 33 pounds of explosives
and armed with half-hour time fuses, were launched into Venice
that day. The balloons caused minimal damage to Venice and some
even blew back towards the Austrians. While the attack was
militarily ineffective, the balloons did have a substantial
psychological effect. Whether out of balloon-related fear or due
to exhaustion and starvation, the Venetians surrendered two days
later, August 24, 1849. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Leningrad: The Hero City Documentary On WWII DVD, Download, USB
Drive
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1941: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): The Eastern Front Of World War II: The Great
Patriotic War (The German-Soviet War): The Siege Of Leningrad (The
900-Day Siege) (Russian: Blokada Leningrada; German: Leningrader
Blockade; Finnish: Leningradin Piiritys, Italian: Assedio Di
Leningrado; Spanish: Asedio De Leningrado): -- German troops begin
the nearly nine-hundred-day Siege Of Leningrad, a military
blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi
Germany against Leningrad, historically and currently known as
Saint Petersburg. The siege was consolidated on September 8, 1941,
when the last road to the city was severed. Although the Soviet
forces managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on
January 18 ,1943, the siege was not lifted until January 27, 1944,
872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most
destructive sieges in history, and possibly the costliest in
casualties suffered. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
De Gaulle And France TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Flash
Drive
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1962: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Decolonisation Of Africa: The Algerian
War (The Algerian Revolution, The Algerian War Of Independence):
France: The History Of France: The Modern History Of France: The
Presidency Of Charles De Gaulle: Assassination Attempts On Charles
De Gaulle: Jean Bastien-Thiry's Assassination Attempt On Charles
De Gaulle: -- A failed assassination attempt is made on French
president Charles De Gaulle by The OAS {The Organisation Armee
Secrete (French, "Secret Army Organisation")} as a
result of De Gaulle's decision to accept the indepedence of
Algeria. The OAS was a short-lived right-wing French dissident
paramilitary organization during the Algerian War (1954-62). The
OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and
assassinations, in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence
from French colonial rule. De Gaulle was targeted for death by the
OAS in retaliation for his Algerian initiatives. Several
assassination attempts were made on him; the most famous took
place on 22 August 1962, when he and his wife narrowly escaped
from an organized machine gun ambush on their Citroen DS
limousine. De Gaulle commented "Ils tirent comme des cochons"
("They shoot like pigs"). The attack was arranged by
Colonel Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry at Petit-Clamart, a commune in
the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. The event is chronicled
in detail in Frederick Forsyth's (otherwise fictional) 1971 work
The Day of the Jackal and the 1973 film adaptation of the same
name. Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry was a French Air Force
lieutenant-colonel and military air-weaponry engineer. He was the
creator of the Nord SS.10/SS.11 missile, a MCLOS (Manual Command
to Line Of Sight) wire-guided anti-tank missile that entered
service in 1955 with the French army. It was used briefly by the
US army in the early 1960s, where it was called the MGM-21A. The
missile ceased production in January 1962 after approximately
30,000 missiles had been built. Bastien-Thiry attempted to
assassinate French President Charles De Gaulle following De
Gaulle's decision to accept Algerian independence. The attack made
international headlines. Bastien-Thiry was the last person to be
executed by firing squad in France. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
An American Adventure: The Rocket Pilots X-15 DVD, Video Download,
USB
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1963: Aviation: The History Of
Aviation: Aviation Records: Flight Altitude Records: X-15 Flight
91: -- Joseph A. Walker, on his final X-15 flight, reaches the
highest altitude of the X-15 program (107.96 km (67.08 mi)
(354,200 feet)). Walker remained weightless for approximately five
minutes. The altitude was the highest manned flight by a
spaceplane to that time and remained the record until the 1981
flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. X-15 Flight 91 was a 1963
American manned mission, and the second and final flight in the
program to achieve sub-orbital spaceflight -- a flight of 107.96
km in altitude -- which was previously achieved during Flight 90 a
month earlier. It was the highest flight of the X-15 program. It
was the first flight of a reused spacecraft, as plane number three
flew the previous sub-orbital flight on July 19. It was
air-launched from a modified Boeing B-52 Stratofortress support
plane over Smith Ranch Dry Lake, Nevada, United States. Walker
landed the X-15 about 12 minutes after it was launched, at Rogers
Dry Lake, Edwards Airforce Base, in California. This was Walker's
final X-15 flight. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
WWII Films: Latin America At War DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash
Drive
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1942: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): The Brazilian Declaration Of War Against Nazi
Germany, Fascist Italy And Imperial Japan (The Brazilian
Declaration Of War Against The Axis Powers): -- After Brazil
maintained neutrality during The Second World War, Brazil responds
to retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in a strategic
dispute over the South Atlantic by entering World War II on the
allied side. In addition to its participation in The Battle Of The
Atlantic, Brazil also sent an expeditionary force to fight in the
Italian Campaign. With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of
the fascist regimes in Europe, the position of Brazil's own
fascist leader Getulio Vargas became unsustainable, and he was
swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy
"reinstated" by the same army that had ended it on
Vargas' behalf 15 years earlier. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Twentieth Century History Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Drive
Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1904: #BOTD: Deng Xiaoping,
Chinese soldier and politician, 1st Vice Premier of the People'
Republic Of China (d. February 19, 1997) is #born Deng Xiansheng
in Guang'an, Sichuan, China. Deng Xiaoping, courtesy name Xixian,
was the paramount leader of the People's Republic Of China from
1978 until his retirement in 1989. He was a veteran of The Long
March (October 1934 - October 1935), a military retreat undertaken
by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China over 9,000
kilometers (5600 miles) over 370 days, through some of the most
difficult terrain of western China by traveling west, then north,
to Shaanxi. Of the nearly 80,000 marchers who started the journey,
only 6,000 - only 7.5% - made it to Yenan. Of the 200,000
participated in the march-, with many joining the march after it
began, only 40,000 - only 20% - reached Yenan. Among the survivors
were nearly all the high ranking Communist officials in Chinese
government for the next 40 years---Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Lin
Biao and Deng Xiaoping. On their way north, the Communist
redistributed land to the peasants, organized guerilla groups and
armed the peasants with captured Kuomintang weapons. After
Chairman Mao Zedong's death, Deng led his country through
far-reaching market-economy reforms. While Deng never held office
as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary
(that is, the leader of the Communist Party), he nonetheless was
responsible for economic reforms and an opening to the global
economy. During his paramount leadership, his official state
positions were Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese
People's Political Consultative Conference from 1978-1983 and
Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's
Republic Of China from 1983-1990, while his official party
positions were Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China from
1977-1982 and Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the
Communist Party of China from 1981-1989. When Zhou Enlai died in
January 1976, there was an outpouring of national grief. Zhou was
a very important figure in Deng's political life, and his death
eroded his remaining support within the Party's Central Committee.
After delivering Zhou's official eulogy at the state funeral, the
Gang Of Four, with Mao's permission, began the so-called
"Criticize Deng and Oppose the Rehabilitation of
Right-leaning Elements" campaign. Hua Guofeng, not Deng, was
selected to become Zhou's successor. On 2 February 1976, the
Central Committee issued a Top-Priority Directive, officially
transferring Deng to work on "external affairs" and thus
removing Deng from the party's power apparatus. Deng stayed at
home for several months, awaiting his fate. Deng's Political
Research Office was promptly dissolved, and Deng's advisers such
as Yu Guangyuan suspended. As a result, the political turmoil
halted the economic progress Deng had laboured for in the past
year. On 3 March, Mao issued a directive reaffirming the
legitimacy of the Cultural Revolution and specifically pointed to
Deng as an internal, rather than external, problem. This was
followed by a Central Committee directive issued to all local
party organs to study Mao's directive and criticize Deng. Deng's
reputation as a reformer suffered a severe blow in 1976 when after
the mass public mourning of Zhou Enlai on the traditional Chinese
holiday of Ancestors' Day (Qingming Festival) culminated in the
Tiananmen Incident. Some people strongly disapproved of the
removal of the displays of mourning for Zhou, a widely respected
senior Chinese leader who was involved in a political power
struggle with other senior leaders in the Politburo of the
Communist Party of China, particularly with four senior members
who came to be called the Gang Of Four, led by Jiang Qing, wife of
Mao Zedong. To defuse an expected popular outpouring of sentiment
at Zhou's death, the Communist Party of China limited the period
of and degree of public mourning; for example, the national flag
was lowered to half-mast for only one hour. These measures
provoked mourners into gathering in Tiananmen Square to protest
against the central authorities, and the Gang Of Four ordered the
Square to be cleared. They branded the protest as
counter-revolutionary and threatening to their power. Furthermore,
the Gang deemed Deng the mastermind behind the incident, and Mao
himself wrote that "the nature of things has changed".
This prompted Mao to remove Deng from all leadership positions,
although he retained his party membership. Following Mao's death
on 9 September 1976 and the purge of the Gang Of Four in October
1976, Deng gradually emerged as the de facto leader of China.
Prior to Mao's death, the only governmental position he held was
that of First Vice Premier of the State Council, but Hua Guofeng
wanted to rid the Party of extremists and successfully
marginalised the Gang Of Four. On 22 July 1977, Deng was restored
to the posts of Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee,
Vice-Chairman of the Military Commission and Chief of the General
Staff of the People's Liberation Army. By carefully mobilizing his
supporters within the party, Deng outmaneuvered Hua, who had
pardoned him, then ousted Hua from his top leadership positions by
1980. In contrast to previous leadership changes, Deng allowed Hua
to retain membership in the Central Committee and quietly retire,
helping to set the precedent that losing a high-level leadership
struggle would not result in physical harm. Deng repudiated the
Cultural Revolution and, in 1977, launched the "Beijing
Spring", which allowed open criticism of the excesses and
suffering that had occurred during the period. Meanwhile, he was
the impetus for the abolition of the class background system.
Under this system, the CPC removed employment barriers to Chinese
deemed to be associated with the former landlord class; its
removal allowed a faction favoring the restoration of the private
market to enter the Communist Party. Deng gradually outmaneuvered
his political opponents. By encouraging public criticism of the
Cultural Revolution, he weakened the position of those who owed
their political positions to that event, while strengthening the
position of those like himself who had been purged during that
time. Deng also received a great deal of popular support. As Deng
gradually consolidated control over the CPC, Hua was replaced by
Zhao Ziyang as premier in 1980, and by Hu Yaobang as party chief
in 1981, despite the fact that Hua was Mao Zedong's designated
successor as the "paramount leader" of the Communist
Party of China and the People's Republic Of China. Deng's
elevation to China's new number-one figure meant that the
historical and ideological questions around Mao Zedong had to be
addressed properly. Because Deng wished to pursue deep reforms, it
was not possible for him to continue Mao's hard-line "class
struggle" policies and mass public campaigns. In 1982 the
Central Committee of the Communist Party released a document
entitled On the Various Historical Issues since the Founding of
the People's Republic Of China. Mao retained his status as a
"great Marxist, proletarian revolutionary, militarist, and
general", and the undisputed founder and pioneer of the
country and the People's Liberation Army. "His
accomplishments must be considered before his mistakes", the
document declared. Deng personally commented that Mao was "seven
parts good, three parts bad." The document also steered the
prime responsibility of the Cultural Revolution away from Mao
(although it did state that "Mao mistakenly began the
Cultural Revolution") to the "counter-revolutionary
cliques" of the Gang Of Four and Lin Biao. Deng Xiaoping died
at 9:08 p.m. Beijing time aged 92 from a lung infection and
Parkinson's disease. The public was largely prepared for his
death, as there had been rumors that his health was deteriorating.
At 10:00 on the morning of February 24, people were asked by
Premier Li Peng to pause in silence for three minutes. The
nation's flags flew at half-mast for over a week. Deng's official
obituary instructed Chinese people to study Deng Xiaoping's method
of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. It praised his
"scientific attitude and creative spirit in applying a
Marxist stand" and his "viewpoints and methods to
studying new problems and solving new problems". The
nationally televised funeral, which was a simple and relatively
private affair attended by the country's leaders and Deng's
family, was broadcast on all cable channels. After the funeral,
his organs were donated to medical research. The remains were
cremated at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery and his ashes were
subsequently scattered at sea off the East China coast (though
where exactly is not available in U.S. public records) from an
airplane by his wife, Zhuo Lin, while some of the ashes were went
into the harbor in Hong Kong. For the next two weeks, Chinese
state media ran news stories and documentaries related to Deng's
life and death, with the regular 19:00 National News program in
the evening lasting almost two hours over the regular broadcast
time. Deng's successor, Jiang Zemin, maintained Deng's political
and economic philosophies. Deng was eulogized as a "great
Marxist, great Proletarian Revolutionary, statesman, military
strategist, and diplomat; one of the main leaders of the Chinese
Communist Party, the People's Liberation Army of China, and the
People's Republic of China; the great architect of China's
socialist opening-up and modernized construction; the founder of
Deng Xiaoping Theory". Some elements, notably modern Maoists
and radical reformers (the far left and the far right), had
negative views, however. Deng's death drew international reaction.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said Deng was to be remembered "in
the international community at large as a primary architect of
China's modernization and dramatic economic development".
French President Jacques Chirac said "In the course of this
century, few men have, as much as Deng, led a vast human community
through such profound and determining changes"; British Prime
Minister John Major commented about Deng's key role in the return
of Hong Kong to Chinese control; Canadian Prime Minister Jean
Chretien called Deng a "pivotal figure" in Chinese
history. The Kuomintang chair in Taiwan also sent its condolences,
saying it longed for peace, cooperation, and prosperity. The Dalai
Lama voiced regret that Deng died without resolving questions over
Tibet. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1971: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The United States In The
Vietnam War: Opposition To United States Involvement In The
Vietnam War: The Camden 28: -- J. Edgar Hoover and John Mitchell
announce the arrest of 20 of the Camden 28, a group of Catholic
left anti-Vietnam War activists who in 1971 planned and executed a
raid on a Camden, New Jersey draft board. The raid resulted in a
high-profile criminal trial of the activists that was seen by many
as a referendum on the Vietnam War and as an example of successful
use of jury nullification, a concept where members of a trial jury
find a defendant not guilty if they do not support a government's
law, do not believe it is constitutional or humane, or do not
support a possible punishment for breaking the law. The goal of
the group was to make a bold statement in opposition to the war in
Vietnam by way of sabotaging the portion of the draft process that
was administered through the local draft board in Camden. Their
plan was to break into the draft board offices at night and search
for, collect, and either destroy or remove the records of all
Class 1-A status draft registrants. It was to be both a symbolic
and real blow to the process through which tens of thousands of
young American men were being drafted and sent to fight in
Vietnam. They wrote in a statement before trial: "We are
twenty-eight men and women who, together with other resisters
across the country, are trying with our lives to say "no"
to the madness we see perpetrated by our government in the name of
the American people - the madness of our Vietnam policy, of the
arms race, of our neglected cities and inhuman prisons. We do not
believe that it is criminal to destroy pieces of paper which are
used to bind men to involuntary servitude, which train these men
to kill, and which send them to possibly die in an unjust,
immoral, and illegal war. We stand for life and freedom and the
building of communities of true friendship. We will continue to
speak out and act for peace and justice, knowing that our spirit
of resistance cannot be jailed or broken." Not all of the
group's members were students or "hippies," the
stereotypical anti-Vietnam War activists. The mostly Catholic
group also included four priests and a Protestant minister, people
working in education or legal and social services, veterans, and
middle-aged parents. One notable member was Frank Pommersheim.
Members of the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI were
also involved. One group member, Bob Hardy, was opposed to the war
but was also secretly opposed to the group's plans to break the
law with this action. Feeling torn between loyalty to his friends
in the group and his strict law-and-order personal philosophy,
Hardy approached the local FBI with his concerns. The FBI
encouraged Hardy to remain with the group so that he could pass
along information about their activities. Hardy agreed to become
an informant, allegedly only after receiving assurances from his
FBI handlers that none of the group would ever spend any time in
jail for the raid against the draft board. The FBI agreed to
finance much of Hardy's role within the group. As an FBI
informant, Hardy became heavily involved with the group from a
planning and training perspective. As he was a hands-on carpenter
and handyman, he helped devise the plan whereby the group could
break into the Federal office building within which the draft
board was located. He supplied tools (mostly paid for by the FBI),
expertise and training. Ladders would be used, windows would be
cut with glass cutters, alarms would be bypassed, etc. 2-way
radios were supplied by the FBI so that the activists could better
communicate and coordinate their actions when the raid was to
finally occur. The raid was planned for the early hours of Sunday,
August 22, 1971. With the activists all in their positions the
raid commenced. Unknown to the activists, the raid was being
carefully monitored and documented from the shadows by more than
40 FBI agents. The FBI agents held back and watched as the
activists broke into the draft board office and commenced
destroying and bagging thousands of draft-related documents. After
a significant amount of time passed during which thousands of
documents had been handled, the hidden FBI agents were ordered to
spring into action and arrest everyone involved. Those arrested,
including two Catholic priests and a Protestant minister, became
known as the Camden 28. The fact that Bob Hardy had betrayed the
activists became readily apparent as the night wore on. By the
time that the Camden 28 were brought to trial in the Spring of
1973, their case was viewed by many as a referendum on the Vietnam
War. Each of the 28 faced seven felony charges stemming from the
raid and more than 40 years in prison if convicted. The 28 chose
to be tried together. Immediately prior to the trial they were
offered a plea-bargain whereby they would each plead guilty to a
single misdemeanor charge and the rest of the charges would be
dropped. After intense discussion the 28 decided that they would
not take the plea and that as political activists they preferred
to be put on trial. Historian Howard Zinn was brought in to
testify on behalf of the defendants. Unfortunately for the
prosecution, its star witness Bob Hardy was feeling that he had
been betrayed by the government. Hardy maintained that from the
start of his interaction with the FBI he sought and received
assurances that none of his co-conspirators in the raid would see
any jail time. Now, as the trial loomed ahead, each of the "28"
was facing more than 40 years in prison. For the FBI and the
prosecution, the cost of betraying Hardy in this fashion was to
lose him as a friendly witness. Scorned, Hardy would now, in fact,
testify extensively for the defense. Hardy would testify regarding
the extent to which the FBI encouraged and enabled the raid on the
draft board to take place. Through Hardy's testimony, the raid
came across as being funded and driven by the FBI, and the defense
was able to argue effectively that through the FBI, the government
"over-reached" in its zeal to arrest and prosecute this
particular set of anti-war activists. Additionally, it became
apparent that the FBI had enabled the plot to form and develop
because it believed the Camden group might have been connected to
the theft and publication of FBI documents in Media, PA several
months prior. In fact, at least two of the Camden defendants
(Keith Forsyth and Robert Williamson) had been involved in the
Media burglary, though this was not revealed until they stepped
forward in 2014. Those documents had revealed the COINTELPRO
program, and the Camden defendants essentially used their own
trial to publicize and question FBI methods. On May 20, 1973, the
jury returned "not guilty" verdicts for all counts
against all 28 defendants, acquitting them. Howard Zinn had
testified at the trial and recommended civil disobedience and jury
nullification. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1915: #BOTD: #HBD! David
Dellinger, influential American radical pacifist and an activist
for nonviolent social change (d. May 25, 2004) is #born David Tyre
Dellinger in Wakefield, Massachusetts. David T. Dellinger achieved
peak notoriety as one of the Chicago Seven (seven defendants
charged by the federal government with conspiracy, inciting to
riot, and other charges related to anti-Vietnam War and
countercultural protests that took place in Chicago, Illinois, on
the occasion of the 1968 Democratic National Convention) who were
put on trial in 1968. Dellinger was born in Wakefield,
Massachusetts to a wealthy family. His father, Raymond Dellinger,
a graduate of Yale University, was a lawyer, a prominent
Republican and friend of Calvin Coolidge. His maternal
grandmother, Alice Bird Fiske, was active in the Daughters of the
American Revolution. Dellinger studied at Yale University and
Oxford University, and he also studied theology at Union
Theological Seminary with the intention of becoming a
Congregationalist minister. At Yale he had been a classmate and
friend of the economist and political theorist Walt Rostow.
Rejecting his comfortable background, he walked out of Yale one
day to live with hobos during the Depression. While at Oxford
University, he visited Nazi Germany and drove an ambulance during
the Spanish Civil War. Dellinger, who opposed the war's victorious
Nationalist fraction, led by Francisco Franco, later recalled,
"After Spain, World War II was simple. I wasn't even tempted
to pick up a gun to fight for General Motors, U.S. Steel, or the
Chase Manhattan Bank, even if Hitler was running the other side."
During World War II, he was an imprisoned conscientious objector
and antiwar agitator. In federal prison, he and fellow
conscientious objectors, including Ralph DiGia and Bill
Sutherland, protested racial segregation in the dining halls,
which were ultimately integrated because of the protests. In
February 1946, Dellinger helped to found the radical pacifist
Committee for Nonviolent Revolution. He sat on the executive
committee of the Socialist Party of America and the Young People's
Socialist League, its youth section, until he left in 1943, and he
was also a longtime member of the War Resisters League. In the
1950s and the 1960s, Dellinger joined freedom marches in the South
and led many hunger strikes in jail. In 1956, he, Dorothy Day, and
A. J. Muste founded the magazine Liberation as a forum for the
non-Marxist left that was similar to Dissent, a left-wing
intellectual magazine edited by Michael Kazin and founded in 1954.
Dellinger had contacts and friendships with such diverse
individuals as Eleanor Roosevelt, Ho Chi Minh, Martin Luther King
Jr., Abbie Hoffman, A.J. Muste, Greg Calvert, James Bevel, David
McReynolds and numerous Black Panthers such as Fred Hampton, whom
he greatly admired. As chairman of the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace
Parade Committee, he worked with many different antiwar
organizations and helped bring King and Bevel into leadership
positions in the 1960s antiwar movement. In 1966 Dellinger
travelled to both North and South Vietnam to learn first-hand the
impact of American bombing. He later recalled that critics ignored
his trip to Saigon and focused solely on his visit to Hanoi. In
1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest"
pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments to protest the Vietnam War.
As US involvement in Vietnam grew, Dellinger applied Mahatma
Gandhi's principles of nonviolence to his activism within the
growing antiwar movement. One of the high points of this was the
Chicago Seven trial over allegations that Dellinger and several
others had conspired to cross state lines with the intention of
inciting a riot, after antiwar protesters had interrupted the 1968
Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The ensuing court case
was turned by Dellinger and his codefendants into a
nationally-publicized platform for putting the Vietnam War on
trial. On February 18, 1970, they were acquitted of the conspiracy
charge, but five defendants, including Dellinger, were convicted
of individually crossing state lines to incite a riot. Judge
Julius Hoffman's handling of the trial, along with the FBI's
bugging of the defence lawyers, resulted, with the help of the
Center for Constitutional Rights, in the convictions being
overturned by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals two years
later, on 21 November 1972. Although the contempt citations were
upheld, the appeal court refused to sentence anyone. Dellinger
appeared at the December 1971 gathering of music and political
views in favor of the then-jailed John Sinclair. In the late
1970s, Dellinger spent two years teaching at Goddard College's
Adult Degree Program and Vermont College. In 2001, he was invited
back to give the commencement address to the graduating class of
Goddard's Residential Undergraduate Program. In 1986, when his
Yale class of 1936 held its 50th reunion, Dellinger wrote in the
reunion book: "Lest my way of life sounds puritanical or
austere, I always emphasize that in the long run one can't
satisfactorily say no to war, violence, and injustice unless one
is simultaneously saying yes to life, love, and laughter."
For his lifelong commitment to pacifist values and for serving as
a spokesperson for the peace movement, Dellinger was awarded the
Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience on September 26, 1992. In 1996,
during the first Democratic Convention held in Chicago since 1968,
Dellinger and his grandson were arrested along with eight others,
including Bradford Lyttle and Abbie Hoffman's son Andrew, during a
sit-in at Chicago's Federal Building. In 2001, he led a group of
young activists from Montpelier, Vermont, to Quebec City to
protest a conference that planned to create a free trade zone. He
died in Montpelier, Vermont, in 2004 after an extensive stay at
Heaton Woods Nursing Home at the age of 89. His remains were
cremated, and the final disposition of his ashes are not publicly
known. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1934: #BOTD: #HBD! Norman
Schwarzkopf, Jr., United States Army General and engineer, who
while serving as Commander-in-chief, United States Central
Command, led all coalition forces in the Gulf War (d. December 27,
2012) is #born Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. in Trenton, New
Jersey. His father, Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Sr., was a 1917
graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point and a
veteran of World War I. His mother was a housewife from West
Virginia who was distantly related to Thomas Jefferson. The senior
Schwarzkopf later became the Superintendent of the New Jersey
State Police, where he worked as a lead investigator on the 1932
Lindbergh baby kidnapping case. In January 1952, the younger
Schwarzkopf's birth certificate was amended to make his name "H.
Norman Schwarzkopf", reportedly because his father detested
his first name. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Schwarzkopf Jr. grew
up in the United States and later in Iran. He was accepted by the
U.S. Military Academy at West Point and was commissioned as a
second lieutenant in the United States Army in 1956. After a
number of initial training programs, Schwarzkopf interrupted a
stint as an academy teacher, and served in the Vietnam War first
as an adviser to the South Vietnamese Army and later as a
battalion commander. Schwarzkopf was highly decorated in Vietnam,
being awarded three Silver Star Medals, two Purple Hearts, and the
Legion of Merit. Rising through the ranks after the conflict, he
later commanded the U.S. 24th Infantry Division and was one of the
commanders of the Invasion of Grenada in 1983. Assuming command of
United States Central Command in 1988, Schwarzkopf was called on
to respond to the Invasion Of Kuwait in 1990 by the forces of Iraq
under Saddam Hussein. Initially tasked with defending Saudi Arabia
from Iraqi aggression, Schwarzkopf's command eventually grew to an
international force of over 750,000 troops. After diplomatic
relations broke down, he planned and led Operation Desert Storm-an
extended air campaign followed by a highly successful 100-hour
ground offensive-which defeated the Iraqi Army and liberated
Kuwait in early 1991. Schwarzkopf was presented with military
honors. Schwarzkopf retired shortly after the end of the war and
undertook a number of philanthropic ventures, only occasionally
stepping into the political spotlight before his death from
complications of pneumonia in late 2012. A hard-driving military
commander with a strong temper, Schwarzkopf was considered an
exceptional leader by many biographers and was noted for his
abilities as a military diplomat and in dealing with the press.
Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. died of complications following a bout of
pneumonia at the age of 78. A memorial service was conducted on
February 28, 2013, at the Cadet Chapel at West Point, which was
attended by Colin Powell, Schwarzkopf's family, and others.
Schwarzkopf was cremated and his ashes were buried near those of
his father in the West Point Cemetery in a ceremony attended by
cadets, military leaders, New York and New Jersey State Police
Troopers. Among reactions to Schwarzkopf's death, George H. W.
Bush said of him: "General Norm Schwarzkopf, to me,
epitomized the 'duty, service, country' creed that has defended
our freedom and seen this great Nation through our most trying
international crises. More than that, he was a good and decent man
and a dear friend." In a statement, President Barack Obama
said "From his decorated service in Vietnam to the historic
liberation of Kuwait and his leadership of United States Central
Command, General Schwarzkopf stood tall for the country and Army
he loved." In a letter, Secretary of the Army John McHugh and
Army Chief Of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno wrote in a joint
statement, "Our nation owes a great debt of gratitude to
General Schwarzkopf and our Soldiers will hold a special place in
their hearts for this great leader. While much will be written in
coming days of his many accomplishments, his most lasting and
important legacies are the tremendous soldiers he trained and
led." On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1812: Archaelogy (Archeology): Great Discoveries Of Archaeology: Ancient Jordan: Nabatea (The Nabataean Kingdom): The New 7 Wonders Of the World: UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Petra (The Rose City) ( (Arabic: Al-Batra; Greek: Petra, "Rock"; Nabataean: Raqmu or Raqemo): -- Jean Louis Burckhardt rediscovers the ancient Nabataean city of Petra in Jordan as he becomes the first modern European to lay eyes on the city. Jean Louis Burckhardt (also known as Johann Ludwig Burckhardt and John Lewis Burckhardt), Swiss traveller, explorer, geographer and orientalist best known for rediscovering the ruins of Petra (November 24, 1784 - October 15, 1817) assumed the moniker Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah during his travels in Arabia. He wrote his letters in French and signed Louis. After studying at the universities of Leipzig and Gottingen, he travelled to England in the summer of 1806 with goal of obtaining employment in the civil service. Unsuccessful, he took employment with the African Association with the objective of resolving some of the problems of the course of the Niger River. The expedition called for an overland journey from Cairo to Timbuktu. To prepare for the journey, he attended Cambridge University and studied Arabic, science and medicine. At this time he also began to adopt Arabian costume. In 1809 he left England and travelled to Aleppo, Syria to perfect his Arabic and Muslim customs. En route to Syria, he stopped in Malta and learned of Ulrich Jasper Seetzen who had left Cairo in search of the lost city of Petra and had subsequently been murdered. Once in Syria, he adopted the moniker Sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdallah to hide his true European identity. While in Syria, he investigated local languages and archaeological sites and became the first discoverer of Hittite or Luwian hieroglyphs. He suffered setbacks during his time in Syria having been robbed of his belongings more than once by people he had paid to guarantee his protection. After more than 2 years living and studying as a Muslim in Aleppo, he felt he could travel safely and not be questioned on his identity. To test his disguise, he made 3 journeys in the area of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan travelling as a poor Arab, sleeping on the ground and eating with camel drivers. With these trips being successful, he prepared to continue his journey to Cairo. He left Aleppo in early 1812 and headed south through Damascus, Ajloun and Amman. In Kerak, he trusted his security to the local governor, Sheikh Youssef. The governor, under the guise of concern for his guest, liberated him of his most valuable belongings and then sent him south with an unscrupulous guide. The guide soon after took the remainder of his belongings and abandoned him in the desert. Burckhardt found a nearby Bedouin encampment and obtained a new guide and continued his journey south. On the road to Cairo along the more dangerous inland route to Aqaba, Burckhardt encountered rumours of ancient ruins in a narrow valley near the supposed biblical tomb of Aaron, the brother of Moses. This region was the former Roman province of Arabia Petraea leading him to believe these were the ruins he had heard about in Malta. Telling his guide that he wished to sacrifice a goat at the tomb, he was led through the narrow valley where on August 22, 1812, he became the first modern European to lay eyes on the ancient Nabataean city of Petra. He could not remain long at the ruins or take detailed notes due to his fears of being unmasked as a treasure-seeking infidel. Seeing no evidence of the name of the ruins, he could only speculate that they were in fact the ruins of Petra which he had been informed about on his journey to Syria. He continued his travels and after crossing the southern deserts of Transjordan and the Sinai peninsula, he arrived at Cairo on September 4, 1812. After spending four months in Cairo with no westbound caravans across the Sahara available, Burckhardt decided to journey up the Nile River to Upper Egypt and Nubia. He justified this to his employer with the argument that the information he would collect on African cultures would help him in his planned journey to west Africa. In January 1813 he departed Cairo travelling up the Nile river over land via donkey. He planned to reach Dongola in what is now modern-day Sudan. He was eventually blocked by hostile people less than 160 km from his goal near the third cataract of the Nile river. Journeying north, he came across the sand-choked ruins of the Great Temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel in March 1813. After considerable effort, he was unable to excavate the entrance to the temple. He later told his friend Giovanni Belzoni about the ruins and it was he who later returned in 1817 to excavate the temple. Burckhardt continued north to Esme. He later made an additional trip to Nubia travelling as far as Shendi near the Pyramids of Meroe. From here he journeyed to the Red Sea and resolved to make the pilgrimage to Mecca as this would enhance his credentials as a Muslim on his journey to Timbuktu. After crossing the Red Sea, he entered Jeddah on 18 July 1814 and became sick with dysentery for the first time in his travels. Here he proved his credentials as a Muslim and was permitted to travel to Mecca. He spent several months in Mecca performing the various rituals associated with the Hajj which was unheard of for a European. He wrote of his detailed observations of the city and the deportment and culture of the local inhabitants. His journals were a valuable source of information for the African explorer Richard Burton who also later travelled to Mecca a few decades later. He later made a side trip to Medina where he again became sick with dysentery and spent three months recovering. Departing Arabia, he arrived in a state of great exhaustion in the Sinai peninsula and travelled overland to Cairo, arriving on 24 June 1815. Burckhardt spent the remaining two years of his life editing his journals and living modestly in Cairo while waiting and preparing for the caravan that would take him west across the Sahara to Timbuktu and the Niger river. He made a trip to Alexandria and another to Mount Sinai where he visited St Catherine's Monastery before returning to Cairo. In Cairo, he met and introduced The Great Belzoni to Henry Salt, the British consul to Egypt, who commissioned Belzoni to remove the colossal bust of Ramesses II from Thebes to the British Museum. He was again stricken with dysentery and died in Cairo on 15 October 1817, never having made his intended journey to the Niger. He was buried as a Muslim, and the tombstone over his grave bears the name that he assumed on his travels in Arabia. He had from time to time carefully transmitted to England his journals and notes, and a copious series of letters, so very few details of his journeys have been lost. He bequeathed his collection of 800 volumes of oriental manuscripts to the library of Cambridge University. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/petra-the-rose-red-city-dvd.html
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1902: The History Of The
Automobile: The History Of The Automotive Industry: Foundings: The
Cadillac Motor Company (Cadillac): -- William Murphy and Henry M.
Leland found of The Cadillac Motor Company from the remnants of
the Henry Ford Company, named after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac,
who himself on July 24, 1701 founded at Fort Pontchartrain the
trading post that later became the city of Detroit, which city
became the world center of automobile production in the 20th
century, paying homage to him by using his name for their company
and his armorial bearings as its logo. Today, Cadillac, formally
the Cadillac Motor Car Division, is a division of the U.S.-based
General Motors (GM) that markets luxury vehicles worldwide. Its
primary markets are the United States, Canada, and China, but
Cadillac-branded vehicles are distributed in 34 additional markets
worldwide. Historically, Cadillac automobiles have always held a
place at the top of the luxury field within the United States. In
2017, Cadillac's U.S. sales were 156,440 vehicles and its global
sales were 356,467 vehicles. Cadillac is among the oldest
automobile brands in the world, second in the United States only
to fellow GM marque Buick. By the time General Motors purchased
the company in 1909, Cadillac had already established itself as
one of America's premier luxury carmakers. The complete
interchangeability of its precision parts had allowed it to lay
the foundation for the modern mass production of automobiles. It
was at the forefront of technological advances, introducing full
electrical systems, the clashless manual transmission and the
steel roof. The brand developed three engines, with its V8 setting
the standard for the American automotive industry. Cadillac was
the first American car to win the Royal Automobile Club of the
United Kingdom's Dewar Trophy by successfully demonstrating the
interchangeability of its component parts during a reliability
test in 1908; this spawned the firm's slogan "Standard of the
World". It won the trophy again in 1912 for incorporating
electric starting and lighting in a production automobile. On Sale
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1902: The United States: The
History Of The United States: The Presidency Of Theodore
Roosevelt: The History Of The Automobile: Automobile History: --
On the same day that The Cadillac Motor Company was founded,
Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United
States to make a public appearance in an automobile when he kicks
off a tour of New England with a car ride through Connecticut in a
Benz Viktoria (Benz Victoria), a car sold by the Benz motor
company from 1893 to 1900. Cheering supporters greeted Mr.
Roosevelt at all points along his parade route, which he traversed
in "a handsome victoria automobile, in charge of two expert
New York chauffeurs." Mr. Roosevelt's tour through the state
culminated with a stop in Hartford's Pope Park, where he spoke to
10,000 enthusiastic workers about the value of their labor and his
appreciation for their work. For a trip with the goal of
connecting the president with the country's people, the automobile
proved to be an ideal mode of transportation- allowing him to see
more of each city and its people in less time. The Times noted
that driving the president around the city "seems to have
given the people the opportunity desired of seeing him." Mr.
Roosevelt accumulated an impressive list of presidential "firsts"
over time. According to the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Mr.
Roosevelt was the first president to be submerged in a submarine;
the first president to own a car; the first to have a telephone in
his home; and the first to entertain an African American, Booker
T. Washington, in the White House. The first president to ever
ride in a car was William McKinley. It was a steam-powered
vehicle. Mr. Roosevelt's ride was the first time a United States
president rode in a government car in public. Also notable is that
in 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first United States
president to fly in an airplane, albeit not while in office.
Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first to fly in a plane while
serving as president, on his trip to the Casablanca Conference in
January 1943. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1920: #BOTD: #HBD! Ray
Bradbury, American science fiction writer and screenwriter, one of
the most celebrated 20th-century American writers who worked in a
variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror,
mystery, and realistic fiction (d. June 5, 2012) is #born Ray
Douglas Bradbury (note that his first name is not "Raymond")
in Waukegan, Illinois. He was given the middle name "Douglas"
after actor Douglas Fairbanks. Bradbury wrote many works and is
widely known by the general public for his novel Fahrenheit 451
(1953) and his short-story collections The Martian Chronicles
(1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951). Most of his best known work
is speculative fiction, but he also worked in other genres, such
as the coming of age novel Dandelion Wine (1957) and the
fictionalized memoir Green Shadows, White Whale (1992). He also
wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts,
including Moby Dick and It Came from Outer Space. Many of his
works were adapted into television and film productions as well as
comic books. The New York Times called Bradbury "the writer
most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the
literary mainstream". Ray Bradbury died in Los Angeles,
California at the age of 91, after a lengthy illness. He is buried
at Westwood Memorial Park in Westwood, Los Angeles County,
California. His personal library was willed to the Waukegan Public
Library in his hometown of Waukegan, Illinois, where he had many
of his formative reading experiences. The Washington Post noted
several modern-day technologies that Bradbury had envisioned much
earlier, such as the idea of banking ATMs and earbuds and
Bluetooth headsets in Fahrenheit 451, and the concepts of
artificial intelligence in I Sing the Body Electric. On June 6,
2012, in an official public statement from the White House Press
Office, President Barack Obama said: "For many Americans, the
news of Ray Bradbury's death immediately brought to mind images
from his work, imprinted in our minds, often from a young age. His
gift for storytelling reshaped our culture and expanded our world.
But Ray also understood that our imaginations could be used as a
tool for better understanding, a vehicle for change, and an
expression of our most cherished values. There is no doubt that
Ray will continue to inspire many more generations with his
writing, and our thoughts and prayers are with his family and
friends." Numerous Bradbury fans paid tribute to the author,
noting the influence of his works on their own careers and
creations. Filmmaker Steven Spielberg said that Bradbury was
"[his] muse for the better part of [his] sci-fi career ....
On the world of science fiction and fantasy and imagination he is
immortal". Writer Neil Gaiman felt that "the landscape
of the world we live in would have been diminished if we had not
had him in our world". Author Stephen King released a
statement on his website saying: "Ray Bradbury wrote three
great novels and three hundred great stories. One of the latter
was called 'A Sound of Thunder'. The sound I hear today is the
thunder of a giant's footsteps fading away. But the novels and
stories remain, in all their resonance and strange beauty."
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1912: #BOTD: #HBD! John Lee
Hooker, African American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist
(d. June 21, 2001) is #born in Tutwiler, in Tallahatchie County,
Mississippi, although some sources say his birthplace was near
Clarksdale, in Coahoma County. The son of a sharecropper, he rose
to prominence performing an electric guitar-style adaptation of
Delta blues. Hooker often incorporated other elements, including
talking blues and early North Mississippi Hill country blues. He
developed his own driving-rhythm boogie style, distinct from the
1930s-1940s piano-derived boogie-woogie. Hooker was ranked 35 in
Rolling Stone's 2015 list of 100 greatest guitarists. Some of his
best known songs include "Boogie Chillen'" (1948),
"Crawling King Snake" (1949), "Dimples"
(1956), "Boom Boom" (1962), and "One Bourbon, One
Scotch, One Beer" (1966). Several of his later albums,
including The Healer (1989), Mr. Lucky (1991), Chill Out (1995),
and Don't Look Back (1997), were album chart successes in the U.S.
and UK. The Healer (for the song "I'm In The Mood") and
Chill Out (for the album) both earned him Grammy wins as well as
Don't Look Back, which went on to earn him a double-Grammy win for
Best Traditional Blues Recording and Best Pop Collaboration with
Vocals (with Van Morrison). John Lee Hooker died in his sleep in
his Los Altos, California home, aged 88. He is buried at Chapel Of
The Chimes Columbarium And Mausoleum, Oakland, California. On Sale
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1936: #BOTD: #HBD! Dale
Hawkins, pioneer American rock, rock and roll and rockabilly
singer, songwriter, and rhythm guitarist, often called the
architect of swamp rock boogie (d. February 13, 2010) is #born
Delmar Allen Hawkins in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. He began his
recording career in 1956. In 1957, Hawkins was playing at
Shreveport, Louisiana clubs, and although his music was influenced
by the new rock and roll style of Elvis Presley and the guitar
sounds of Scotty Moore, Hawkins blended that with the uniquely
heavy blues sound of black Louisiana artists for his recording of
his swamp-rock classic, "Susie Q." Fellow Louisiana
guitarist and future Rock and Roll Hall of Famer James Burton
provided the signature riff and solo. The song was chosen as one
of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and
Roll. An accompanying album, Oh! Suzy Q was released in 1958.
Creedence Clearwater Revival's version of the song on their 1968
debut album helped launch their career and today it is probably
the best-known version. In 1958 Hawkins recorded a single of
Willie Dixon's "My Babe" at the Chess Records studio in
Chicago, featuring Telecaster guitarist Roy Buchanan. He went on
to a long and successful career. He recorded more songs for Chess
into the early 1960s. However, his career was not limited to
recording or performing. He hosted a teen dance party, The Dale
Hawkins Show, on WCAU-TV in Philadelphia. He then became a record
producer, and found success with The Uniques' "Not Too Long
Ago," the Five Americans' "Western Union," and
Bruce Channel's "Hey! Baby". In 1998, Ace Records issued
a compilation album, Dale Hawkins, Rock 'n' Roll Tornado, which
contained a collection of his early works and previously
unreleased material. Other recordings included his 1969 country
rock album, L.A., Memphis & Tyler, Texas; and a 1999 release,
Wildcat Tamer, of all-new recordings that garnered Hawkins a
4-star review in Rolling Stone. He was executive vice president of
Abnak Records; Vice President, Southwest Division, Bell Records
(here he produced Bruce Channel, Ronnie Self, James Bell, the
Festivals, the Dolls, and the Gentrys); and A & R director,
RCA West Coast Rock Division, working with Michael Nesmith and
Harry Nilsson. In the 1990s, he produced "Goin Back to
Mississippi" by R. L. Burnside's slide guitarist, Kenny
Brown. Hawkins' pioneering contributions have been recognized by
the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Ronnie Hawkins, American rockabilly
singer-songwriter, long based in Canada, whose career spanned more
than half a century, was his cousin. Dale Hawkins died of colon
cancer in Little Rock, Arkansas, aged 73. He is buried at
Riverside Cemetery in Saint Paul, Arkansas. On Sale Until Midnight
Tonight PT!
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1928: #BOTD: #HBD! Karlheinz
Stockhausen, German composer widely acknowledged as one of the
most important and controversial composers of the 20th and early
21st centuries (d. December 5, 2007) is #born in Burg Modrath, the
"castle" of the village of Modrath near Kerpen in the
Cologne region of Germany. One of the great visionaries of
20th-century music, he is known for his groundbreaking work in
electronic music, for introducing controlled chance (aleatory
techniques or aleatoric musical techniques, from the Latin word
alea, meaning "dice") into serial composition, and for
musical spatialization. In 1941 he learned that his mother had
died, ostensibly from leukemia, although everyone at the same
hospital had supposedly died of the same disease. It was generally
understood that she had been a victim of the Nazi policy of
killing "useless eaters". The official letter to the
family falsely claimed she had died June 16, 1941, but
contemporary research by Lisa Quernes, a student at the
Landesmusikgymnasium in Montabaur, has determined that she was
gassed along with 89 other people at the Hadamar Euthanasia Centre
in Hesse-Nassau on May 27, 1941. Stockhausen dramatized his
mother's death in hospital by lethal injection, in Act 1 scene 2
("Mondeva") of the opera Donnerstag aus Licht (Kurtz
1992, 213). In the autumn of 1944, he was conscripted to serve as
a stretcher bearer in Bedburg. In February 1945, he met his father
for the last time in Altenberg. Simon, who was on leave from the
front, told his son, "I'm not coming back. Look after
things". By the end of the war, his father was regarded as
missing in action, and may have been killed in Hungary. He was
educated at the Hochschule Fur Musik Koln (Cologne University Of
Music, Europe's largest academy of music), later studying with
Olivier Messiaen in Paris and with Werner Meyer-Eppler at the
University of Bonn. One of the leading figures of the Darmstadt
School, his compositions and theories were and remain widely
influential, not only on composers of art music, but also on jazz
and popular music. His works, composed over a period of nearly
sixty years, eschew traditional forms. In addition to electronic
music, both with and without live performers, they range from
miniatures for musical boxes through works for solo instruments,
songs, chamber music, choral and orchestral music, to a cycle of
seven full-length operas. His theoretical and other writings
comprise ten large volumes. He received numerous prizes and
distinctions for his compositions, recordings, and for the scores
produced by his publishing company. His notable compositions
include the series of nineteen Klavierstucke (Piano Pieces),
Kontra-Punkte for ten instruments, the electronic/musique-concrete
Gesang der Junglinge, Gruppen for three orchestras, the percussion
solo Zyklus, Kontakte, the cantata Momente, the live-electronic
Mikrophonie I, Hymnen, Stimmung for six vocalists, Aus den sieben
Tagen, Mantra for two pianos and electronics, Tierkreis, Inori for
soloists and orchestra, and the gigantic opera cycle Licht. The
Beatles included his face on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely
Hearts Club Band. This reflects his influence on the band's own
avant-garde experiments as well as the general fame and notoriety
he had achieved by that time (1967). In particular, "A Day in
the Life" (1967) and "Revolution 9" (1968) were
influenced by Stockhausen's electronic music. He died of sudden
heart failure at the age of 79, on 5 December 2007 at his home in
Kurten, Germany. Karlheinz Stockhausen died in the morning of
sudden heart failure at his home in Kuerten, North
Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, aged 79. Just the night before, he had
finished a recently commissioned work for performance by the
Mozart Orchestra of Bologna. He is buried at the Friedhof Kurten.
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1862: #BOTD: #HBD! Claude Debussy, French composer, Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and Rosicrucian, known along with Maurice Ravel as the most prominent figures associated with Impressionist music (although Debussy disliked the term when applied to his compositions), among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (d. March 25, 1918) is #born Achille-Claude Debussy in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Seine-et-Oise, on the north-west fringes of Paris, France. Known since the 1890s as Claude-Achille Debussy or Claude Debussy, he was known for his use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism, which influenced many composers who followed, particularly such jazz composers as-band leader Duke and trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke. Debussy's music is noted for its sensory content and frequent use of nontraditional tonalities. The prominent French literary style of his period was known as Symbolism, and this movement directly inspired Debussy both as a composer and as an active cultural participant. Claude Debussy died of cancer at his home in Paris at the age of 55 after a composing career of a little more than 30 years. The First World War was still raging and Paris was under German aerial and artillery bombardment. The military situation did not permit the honour of a public funeral with ceremonious graveside orations. The funeral procession made its way through deserted streets to a temporary grave at Pere Lachaise Cemetery as the German guns bombarded the city. Debussy's body was reinterred the following year in the small Passy Cemetery sequestered behind the Trocadero, fulfilling his wish to rest "among the trees and the birds"; his wife and daughter are buried with him. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/seofteseboti.html
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1902: #BOTD: Leni Riefenstahl,
German actress, film director, producer, screenwriter and
propagandist (d. September 8, 2003) is #born Helene Bertha Amalie
Riefenstahl in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire. In the
1930s, she directed Triumph des Willens ("Triumph of the
Will") and Olympia, resulting in worldwide attention and
acclaim. Both movies are widely considered two of the most
effective, and technically innovative, propaganda films ever made.
Her involvement in Triumph des Willens, however, significantly
damaged her career and reputation after the war. Hitler was in
close collaboration with Riefenstahl during the production of at
least three important Nazi films, and a closer friendship is
claimed to have existed. Leni Riefenstahl die aged 101 in her
sleep at around 10:00 pm at her home in Pocking, Germany. After
cremation, her ashes were buried in Munich Waldfriedhof. After her
death, there was a varied response in the obituary pages of
leading publications, although most recognized her technical
breakthroughs in filmmaking. Gisela Jahn, Leni Riefenstahl's
former secretary and sole heir, donated the estate bequeathed to
her to the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. Items included
photographs, films, manuscripts, letters, files, and documents
dating back to the 1920s. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1893: #BOTD: #HBD! Dorothy
Parker, American poet, short story writer, critic, satirist, civil
rights activist and beauty, best known for her wit, wisecracks,
and eye for 20th-century urban foibles, founding member of the
Algonquin Round Table (d. June 7, 1967) is #born Dorothy
Rothschild to a Scottish American Catholic mother and a Prussian
Jewish American father, to whom she was known as Dot or Dottie.
From a conflicted and unhappy childhood, Parker rose to acclaim,
both for her literary output in publications such as The New
Yorker and as a member of The Algonquin Club . Following the
breakup of the circle, Parker traveled to Hollywood to pursue
screenwriting. Her successes there, including two Academy Award
nominations, were curtailed when her involvement in left-wing
politics led to a place on the Hollywood blacklist. Dismissive of
her own talents, she deplored her reputation as a "wisecracker."
Nevertheless, both her literary output and reputation for sharp
wit have endured. Dorothy Parker died of a heart attack in New
York City at the age of 73. In her will, she bequeathed her estate
to Martin Luther King Jr., and upon King's death, to the NAACP.
Following her cremation, Parker's ashes were unclaimed for several
years. Finally, in 1973, the crematorium sent them to her lawyer's
office, Oscar Bernstien (sic); by then he had retired, and the
ashes remained in the filing cabinet of his colleague, New York
City politician and civil rights lawyer Paul O'Dwyer. for
approximately 17 years. In 1988, O'Dwyer brought this situation to
public attention, with the aid of celebrity columnist Liz Smith;
after some discussion, the NAACP claimed Parker's remains and
designed a memorial garden for them outside its Baltimore
headquarters. The plaque read "Here lie the ashes of Dorothy
Parker (1893-1967) humorist, writer, critic. Defender of human and
civil rights. For her epitaph she suggested, 'Excuse my dust'.
This memorial garden is dedicated to her noble spirit which
celebrated the oneness of humankind and to the bonds of
everlasting friendship between black and Jewish people. Dedicated
by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
October 28, 1988." In early 2020, the NAACP moved its
headquarters to downtown Baltimore, and the question about what
would happen to Parker's ashes became the topic of much
speculation, especially after the NAACP formally announced it
would later move to Washington, D.C. The NAACP restated that
Parker's ashes will ultimately be where her family wishes her to
be. "It's important to us that we do this right," said
the NAACP. Relatives called for the ashes to be moved to the
family's plot in Woodlawn Cemetery, in the Bronx, where a place
had been reserved for Parker by her father. On August 18, 2020,
Parker's urn was exhumed. Two executives from the N.A.A.C.P.
spoke, and a rabbi who had attended her initial burial said
Kaddish. On August 22, 2020, Parker was re-buried privately in
Woodlawn, with the possibility of a more public ceremony later.
"Her legacy means a lot," added representatives from the
NAACP. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Eamon
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Today, August 22, 2026
August 22, 1922: #DOTD: #RIP: Michael
Collins, Commander-In-Chief of the Irish Free State Army, Irish
revolutionary, soldier and politician who was a leading figure in
the early-20th-century Irish struggle for independence, Chairman
of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State from January
1922 until his assassination (b. October 16, 1890) #dies when he
is shot dead in an ambush during the Irish Civil War. He is buried
at Glasnevin Cemetery in Glasnevin, County Dublin, Ireland.
Collins was born in Woodfield, County Cork, the youngest of eight
children, and his family had republican connections reaching back
to the 1798 rebellion. He moved to London in 1906, to become a
clerk in the Post Office Savings Bank at Blythe House. He was a
member of the London GAA, through which he became associated with
the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Gaelic League. He
returned to Ireland in 1916 and fought in the Easter Rising. He
was subsequently imprisoned in the Frongoch internment camp as a
prisoner of war, but was released in December 1916. Collins rose
through the ranks of the Irish Volunteers and Sinn Fein after his
release from Frongoch. He became a Teachta Daa for South Cork in
1918, and was appointed Minister for Finance in the First Dail. He
was present when the Dal convened on 21 January 1919 and declared
the independence of the Irish Republic. In the ensuing War of
Independence, he was Director of Organisation and Adjutant General
for the Irish Volunteers, and Director of Intelligence of the
Irish Republican Army. He gained fame as a guerrilla warfare
strategist, planning and directing many successful attacks on
British forces, such as the assassination of key British
intelligence agents in November 1920. After the July 1921
ceasefire, Collins and Arthur Griffith were sent to London by
Eamon De Valera to negotiate peace terms. The resulting
Anglo-Irish Treaty established the Irish Free State but depended
on an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown, a condition that De Valera
and other republican leaders could not reconcile with. Collins
viewed the Treaty as offering "the freedom to achieve
freedom", and persuaded a majority in the Dal to ratify the
Treaty. A provisional government was formed under his chairmanship
in early 1922 but was soon disrupted by the Irish Civil War, in
which Collins was Commander-In-Chief of the National Army.
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EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
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Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 1831: Slavery: Slavery In The
United States: Slave Rebellions: Slave Rebellions In The United
States: Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion (The Southampton
Insurrection): -- Day 2 of the 3-Day Nat Turner's Rebellion, also
known as the Southampton Insurrection, a slave rebellion that took
place in Southampton County, Virginia concludes. Led by the
African American slave Nat Turner, fellow rebel slaves killed from
55 to 65 people, at least 51 being white. The rebellion was put
down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for more
than two months afterwards. The rebellion was effectively
suppressed at Belmont Plantation on the morning of August 23,
1831. There was widespread fear in the aftermath, and white
militias organized in retaliation against the slaves. The state
executed 56 slaves accused of being part of the rebellion, and
many non-participant slaves were punished in the frenzy.
Approximately 120 slaves and free blacks were murdered by militias
and mobs in the area. Approximately 250 blacks in total died as a
result of the rebellion. State legislatures passed new laws
prohibiting education of slaves and free black people, restricting
rights of assembly and other civil liberties for free black
people, and requiring white ministers to be present at all worship
services.
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Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 1989: #DOTD: Huey P. Newton,
African American political activist and revolutionary who, along
with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party on October
15, 1966 (b. February 17, 1942) #dies aged 47 when he is murdered
in the neighborhood of Lower Bottoms, in West Oakland California.
Within days, Tyrone Robinson was arrested as a suspect; he was on
parole and admitted to the murder to police, claiming self
defense. Police found no evidence that Newton was carrying a gun.
Robinson was convicted of first-degree murder in 1991 and
sentenced to a prison term of 32 years to life. Robinson's motive
was to advance in the Black Guerrilla Family, a narcotics prison
gang, in order to get a crack franchise. Newton's funeral was held
at Allen Temple Baptist Church, where he was a member. Some 1300
mourners were accommodated inside, and another 500-600 listened to
the service from outside. Newton's achievements in civil rights
and work on behalf of black children and families with the Black
Panther Party were celebrated. Newton's body was cremated, and his
ashes were interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland. Huey Newton
was born Huey Percy Newton in Monroe, Louisiana. Newton was most
notable for being a co-founder of the Black Panther Party where he
operated the organization as the de-facto leader. Newton crafted
the Party's ten-point manifesto with Bobby Seale in 1966. The
Black Panther Party or the BPP (originally the Black Panther Party
for Self-Defense) was a revolutionary black nationalist and
socialist organization. The party was active in the United States
from 1966 until 1982, with international chapters operating in the
United Kingdom in the early 1970s, and in Algeria from 1969 until
1972. Under Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded
over 60 community support programs (renamed survival programs in
1971) including food banks, medical clinics, sickle cell anemia
tests, prison busing for families of inmates, legal advice
seminars, clothing banks, housing cooperatives, and their own
ambulance service. The most famous of these programs was the Free
Breakfast for Children program which fed thousands of impoverished
children daily during the early 1970s. Newton also co-founded the
Black Panther newspaper service, which became one of America's
most widely distributed African American newspapers. In 1967, he
was involved in a shootout which led to the death of police
officer John Frey and injuries to himself and another police
officer. In 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for
Frey's death and sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. In May
1970, the conviction was reversed and after two subsequent trials
ended in hung juries, the charges were dropped. Later in life, he
was also accused of murdering Kathleen Smith and Betty Patter,
although he was never convicted for either death. In 2007, party
member Ericka Huggins stated in an interview that she had been
repeatedly raped by Newton. Newton learned to read using Plato's
Republic, which influenced his philosophy of activism. He went on
to earn a PhD in social philosophy from the University of
California at Santa Cruz's History of Consciousness program in
1980. Newton was known for being an advocate of self-defense and
used his position as a leader within the Black Panther Party to
welcome women and LGBT people into the party, holding the belief
that homosexuals "might be the most oppressed people".
In 1989, he was murdered by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black
Guerrilla Family, in the early hours in front of 1456 9th Street,
near the corner of Center Street in the Lower Bottoms section of
Oakland, California. Within days, Tyrone Robinson was arrested as
a suspect; he was on parole and admitted the murder to police,
claiming self-defense? - though police found no evidence that
Newton was carrying a gun. Robinson stated that his motive was to
advance in the Black Guerrilla Family, a Marxist-Leninist
narcotics prison gang, in order to get a crack franchise. Newton's
funeral was held at Allen Temple Baptist Church, where he attended
following his conversion. Some 1,300 mourners were accommodated
inside, and another 500 to 600 listened to the service from
outside. Newton's achievements in civil rights and work on behalf
of Black children and families with the Black Panther Party were
celebrated. Newton's body was cremated, and his ashes were
interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Golden Age Of Rock 'N' Roll DVD, MP4 Video Download, Flash Drive
Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 2011: #DOTD: #RIP: Nick
Ashford, African American singer-songwriter and record producer,
who along with his wife Valerie Simpson (b. August 26, 1946)
formed the husband-and-wife songwriting-production team and
recording duo Ashford & Simpson (b. May 4, 1941) #dies of
complications from throat cancer at the age of 70 in a New York
City hospital, four days before Valerie Simpson's 65th birthday.
His publicist, Liz Rosenberg, said that he had undergone radiation
therapy to treat his illness. His remains were cremated and given
to his widow Valerie. Nick Ashford was born Nickolas Ashford in
Fairfield, South Carolina, and Simpson in the Bronx, New York
City. Afterwards, his family relocated to Ypsilanti, Michigan,
where he became a member of Christ Temple Baptist Church. While
there, he sang with a group called the Hammond Singers (named
after the founding minister, James Hammond). Later, Nickolas
attended and graduated from Willow Run High School in Ypsilanti,
Michigan, before pursuing his professional career, where he would
ultimately meet his wife, Valerie. They met at Harlem's White Rock
Baptist Church in 1964. After having recorded unsuccessfully as a
duo, they joined an aspiring solo artist and former member of the
Ikettes, Joshie Jo Armstead, at the Scepter/Wand label, where
their compositions were recorded by Ronnie Milsap ("Never Had
It So Good"), Maxine Brown ("One Step at a Time"),
as well as the Shirelles and Chuck Jackson. Another of the trio's
songs, "Let's Go Get Stoned," gave Ray Charles a number
one U.S. R & B hit in 1966. That same year, Ashford &
Simpson joined Motown, where their best-known songs included
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough," "You're All I Need
To Get By," "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing,"
and "Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)." Ashford and
Simpson wrote many other hit songs, including Chaka Khan's "I'm
Every Woman" (1978) and Teddy Pendergrass's "Is It Still
Good to You?" As performers, Ashford & Simpson's
best-known duets are "Solid" (1984) and "Found a
Cure" (1979). The duo were inducted into the Songwriters Hall
of Fame in 2002. They are also recipients of The Rhythm &
Blues Foundation's Pioneer Award, ASCAP Founders Award, and the
Grammy Trustee Award.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Cable Age Classics Vol. 4 MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 2016: #DOTD: #RIP: Toots
Thielemans, Belgian and American jazz harmonica player, guitarist,
whistler and composer, credited with making the harmonica an
accepted instrument in jazz and becoming thereby Jazz's preeminent
jazz harmonica player (b. April 29, 1922) #dies in
Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium at the age of 94. After the announcement,
the Netherlands-based jazz and pop orchestra Metropole Orkest,
along with American musician Quincy Jones, performed at London's
Royal Albert Hall in Thielemans' honor. Another concert was
performed at the Grand-Place, Brussels. Thielemans was buried on
August 2, 2016 in La Hulpe, just outside Brussels. Pianist Kenny
Werner read a personal message from U.S. President Barack Obama
for his widow, Huguette. It read: "Dear Huguette. I was
deeply saddened when I heard about your husband's passing. I hope
that shared memories will soften your suffering. Lift faith from
the support of friends and family. Know that you will be in my
thoughts for the next days. May Toots' music lead you and offer
you consolation. I'm sure it will do this for all of us."
Jean-Baptiste Frederic Isidor, Baron Thielemans, known
professionally as Toots Thielemans, was born Jean-Baptiste
Frederic Isidor in Brussels, Belgium. His first professional
performances were with Benny Goodman's band when they toured
Europe in 1949 and 1950. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1951,
becoming a citizen in 1957. From 1953 to 1959 he played with
George Shearing, and then led his own groups on tours in the U.S.
and Europe. In 1961 he recorded and performed live one of his own
compositions, "Bluesette", which featured him playing
guitar and whistling. In the 1970s and 1980s, he continued touring
and recording, appearing with musicians such as Oscar Peterson,
Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, Jaco
Pastorius, Elis Regina and Paquito D'Rivera. Among the film
soundtracks that Thielemans recorded are The Pawnbroker (1964),
Midnight Cowboy (1969), The Getaway (1972), Cinderella Liberty
(1973), The Sugarland Express (1974) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar
(1977). His harmonica theme song for the popular Sesame Street TV
show was heard for 40 years. He often performed and recorded with
Quincy Jones, who once called him "one of the greatest
musicians of our time." In 2009 he was designated a Jazz
Master by The National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor
for a jazz musician in the United States. Thielemans received a
joint honorary doctorate from the Universite libre de Bruxelles
and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. In 2001, he was
raised into the Belgian nobility by King Albert II and created
Baron Thielemans for life, this in recognition of his contribution
to music. Herewith, he chose the motto Be yourself, no more no
less.
https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-commercials-the-cable-age-classics-vol-4-mp4-video-download-d44.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: War
Props: The Ilyushin IL-2 Sturmovik DVD, MP4, USB Flash Drive
Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 1944: #DOTD: #RIP: Yevdokiya
"Dusya" Alekseyevna Nazarkina, Soviet Il-2 Shturmovik
attack aircraft tail gunner, #dies as Anna Yegorova, female pilot
of the Soviet Air Force during the Second World War, Hero Of The
Soviet Union, and beauty (September 23, 1916 - October 29, 2009)
is shot down by anti-aircraft fire while piloting her Il-2
Shturmovik attack aircraft in an attack formation of ten aircraft
during a mission over the Magnuszew bridgehead near Warsaw. Birth,
death and burial information regarding Dusya Alekseyevna Nazarkina
is not publicly available; she was nominated for the title Hero of
the Soviet Union, but the nomination was ignored. With her gunner
dead and her plane heavily damaged, Yegorova exited the aircraft
while the plane was inverted, and suffered serious thermal burns.
Yegorova's parachute only partially opened, and she was seriously
wounded again upon landing. Yegorova was captured by the German
Army and taken to a prisoner of war camp where her wounds were
treated by Dr. Georgy Sinyakov. Back at her air base, Yegorova was
presumed dead and was recommended for the title of Hero Of The
Soviet Union, but she did not receive the title until 1965. On
January 31, 1945, Soviet forces overran the Kustrin prisoner camp
where she was being held. Yegorova was interrogated as a potential
traitor for eleven days at an NKVD filtration camp for returning
Soviet prisoners. Eventually, she was released from custody, but
was discharged into the reserve soon after. After being discharged
from the armed forces she married Vyacheslav Timofeev, the
commander of her air division, and bore two sons named Pyotr and
Igor. She was the subject of a feature article in the
Literaturnaya Gazeta in 1961, and in 1965, she was awarded the
title of Hero Of The Soviet Union. Anna Yegorova was born Anna
Alexandrovna Timofeyeva-Yegorova into a peasant family in the
village Volodovo (now in Tver Oblast). Eight of her fifteen
siblings died when they were infants. Her father, Aleksandr
Yegorov, fought in the First World War as well as the Russian
Civil War as a Bolshevist. Combat stress and other hardships
deteriorated his health, and in 1925 he died at 49 years of age.
After seven years of school, Yegorova joined Mosmetrostroy, major
Russian construction company, where she worked as a steelman, and
then as a tiler on the construction of Krasnye Vorota station, a
Moscow Metro mass rapid transit (MRT) heavy rail train station.
Her construction job allowed her to study at the Mosmetrostroy
aeroclub, a not-for-profit, member-run organization that provided
its members with affordable access to aircraft. In 1938, she was
recommended to attend the Ulyanovsk flight school of Ulyanovsk
Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River, but was soon expelled
due to her brother's arrest as an "enemy of the people"
by Soviet security forces. After her expulsion, Yegorova worked as
a bookkeeper's assistant at a weaving factory in Smolensk, while
tutoring members of the factory's aero club. She was then sent to
attend the Kherson flight school, which she graduated from in
1939. Soon afterwards, Yegorova became a flight instructor for the
Kalinin municipal aero club. After the start of Operation
Barbarossa (the German invasion of the USSR), Yegorova volunteered
for combat service. From 1941 to 1942, Yegorova flew 236
reconnaissance and delivery missions for the 130th Air Liaison
Squadron in a Polikarpov Po-2, and was subsequently awarded the
Order of the Red Banner for distinguished service. After an
aircrash, which was determined, rightly or wrongly, to be due to
pilot error, Yegorova was transferred to a training air regiment.
In 1943, Yegorova was transferred to the 805th Attack Aviation
Regiment and flew 41 missions in the Ilyushin Il-2. These missions
included the battles above the Taman Peninsula, Crimea, and
Poland. Anna Yegorova died of natural causes in Moscow, Russian
Federation, aged 93. Her burial details are not publicly
available. During her military aviation career, Anna Yegorova flew
a total of 277 sorties, which included liaison, reconnaissance and
ground-attack missions.
https://store.earthstation1.com/war-props-the-ilyushin-il2-sturmovik-dvd-mp4-usb-flash-dri24.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Television: A History Of Broadcast TV DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 1939: #BOTD: #HBD! Valerie
Harper, American stage, movie and television actress, best
remembered for her role as Rhoda Morgenstern on The Mary Tyler
Moore Show (1970-1977) and its spin-off Rhoda (1974-1978) (d.
August 30, 2019) is #born Valerie Kathryn Harper in Suffern, New
York. She began her career as a dancer on Broadway, making her
debut as a replacement in the musical Li'l Abner. For her work on
Mary Tyler Moore, she thrice received the Primetime Emmy Award for
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and later
received the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
for Rhoda. From 1986 to 1987, she appeared as Valerie Hogan on the
sitcom Valerie, which she subsequently left for salary reasons;
her character was killed off, the show was retitled Valerie's
Family and eventually The Hogan Family, and actress Sandy Duncan
was cast in a new role that served as a replacement for Harper's
character. Her film appearances include roles in Freebie and the
Bean (1974) and Chapter Two (1979), both of which garnered her
Golden Globe Award nominations. She returned to stage work in her
later career, appearing in several Broadway productions. In 2010,
she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play
for her performance as Tallulah Bankhead in the play Looped.
Valerie Harper died in the morning at the age of 80 in Los
Angeles, California after a long battle against lung cancer. She
is buried at the Hollywood Forever cemetery in Hollywood,
California.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Guyana
Tragedy: The Story Of Jim Jones DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, August 22, 2026August 22, 1991: #DOTD: #RIP: Colleen
Dewhurst, Canadian-American actress (b. June 3, 1924) #dies of
cervical cancer at the age 67 at her South Salem home in 1991
because Dewhurst's Christian Science beliefs led to her refuse any
kind of surgical treatment. She was cremated and her ashes were
given to family and friends; no public service was planned.
Colleen Dewhurst was born Colleen Rose Dewhurst in Montreal,
Quebec, Canada. She is known most for theatre roles. In her
autobiography, Dewhurst wrote: "I had moved so quickly from
one Off-Broadway production to the next that I was known, at one
point, as the 'Queen of Off-Broadway'. This title was not due to
my brilliance, but, rather, because most of the plays I was in
closed after a run of anywhere from one night to two weeks. I
would then move immediately into another." She was a renowned
interpreter of the works of Eugene O'Neill on the stage, and her
career also encompassed film, early dramas on live television, and
Joseph Papp's New York Shakespeare Festival. One of her last roles
was playing Marilla Cuthbert in the Kevin Sullivan television
adaptations of the Anne of Green Gables series, and her reprisal
of the role in the subsequent TV series Road to Avonlea (marketed
as Avonlea in the US). Dewhurst won two Tony Awards and four Emmy
Awards for her stage and television work.
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